The literary form of the prescript of ancient royal letters and a hint for its translation : Ezra 4:17 as case study

CITATION: Kim, J. 2012. The literary form of the prescript of ancient royal letters and a hint for its translation : Ezra 4:17 as case study. Scriptura, 111(3):544-554, doi:10.7833/111-0-35.The original publication is available at http://scriptura.journals.ac.zaTwo English versions of the prescript of the letter embedded in Ezra 4:17, i.e. KJV and NIV, show variations in the translations. While KJV starts the letter with a greeting, NIV opens with the name of the recipient. From this difference, we should ask which translation most closely reflects the original intention of the author, who incorporated this royal letter into his work. Thus, by examining this generic feature (the prescript) of ancient royal (and official) letters and the technique of embedding them, this article attempts to determine which translation is preferable. This inves-tigation is possible because the prescript pattern of ancient royal letters was very often consistent in the Mediterranean world at this time. In other words, the person at the highest social level (i.e. the king in the case of royal letters) is always placed first in the prescript, no matter whether he is the sender or the recipient. Besides this, ancient authors (including the author of Ezra) tended to adopt this convention when they embedded royal letters in their work. Taking these facts into account, this article suggests that the translation of the type of KJV reflects the original intention of the author of Ezra more exactly.http://scriptura.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/35Publisher's versio

The pastoral letter in early Christianity up to the early fifth century C.E.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation aims to trace a Christian letter tradition, i.e. the pastoral letter type, during the first five centuries of this era. With this in mind I outlined the problem statements, goals, theoretical points of departure, research questions, hypotheses, methodologies and structures in Chapter I of the dissertation. I surveyed the history of modern studies on Greco-Roman epistolography in Chapter II. There I looked at how the study of Christian letters was related to Greco-Roman epistolography and what it contributed to the history of modern study on Greco-Roman epistolography. In the process I also focused on the study of the Christian letter tradition that flourished especially during the middle of the twentieth century. I pointed out some weaknesses in the preceding studies, such as limiting the analysis of letters to certain periods, failure to consider generic features and lack of attention to psychagogical intention. At the end of the chapter I concluded by pointing out what still remains to be done, such as considering a broader range of sources and periods, and paying more attention to how the pastoral letter continued to function during the first five centuries of our era. On the basis of the preceding survey I then focused in Chapter III on the generic features of Greco- Roman hortatory letters and their psychagogical functions to provide the background of a broader hortatory tradition for explaining the generic features and functions of the earliest Christian letters, i.e. the letters in the NT. From this research I concluded that Greco-Roman hortatory letters followed the pattern of common Greco-Roman letters in terms of structural and formal features. However, they not only focused on the guidance or education of the recipients in terms of function, but for effective persuasion the authors also employed various rhetorical devices which are often found in the other genres of hortatory works. In Chapter IV I analysed the letters in the NT in order to show that these letters resonate with the hortatory letters that were composed for psychagogy (viz. pastoral care). Firstly, I focused on the analysis of Paul’s first letter, i.e. 1 Thessalonians, to show that the author of the first Christian letter was as pastor above all concerned with pastoral care, and for effective pastoral care he borrowed from the Greco-Roman hortatory letter tradition. From this analysis I concluded that 1 Thessalonians can be located in the hortatory letter tradition, but has its own distinct character differing from common hortatory letters. These features must have resulted from Paul’s efforts to take care of his believers in the Christian faith. In the remainder of this chapter I analysed the rest of the letters in the NT, considering the outcome of the analysis of 1 Thessalonians together with the broader hortatory tradition. I found that the rest of the letters in the NT could be classed as hortatory letters for the purpose of psychagogy, i.e. pastoral letters, in terms of both their structural and formal features, and of their composition, purpose and function. In Chapter V I analysed a number of selected pastoral letters from early Christian authors. Firstly, I surveyed the history of Christian letters and their authors to provide a general background for this chapter. From these authors and their letters, I chose sixteen pastoral letters from fifteen Christian leaders based on stated criteria, and analysed them, considering both the earliest Christian pastoral letters (viz. the letters in the NT) and the broader Greco-Roman hortatory letter tradition. As a result of this analysis I found that these selected letters had features in common with the earliest Christian pastoral letters, especially in terms of their purpose and function, as well as distinctly Christian characteristics. I then compared the outcome of this analysis with selected letters from non-pastoral Christian letter types (viz. the festal or paschal letter type, the synodic letter type, the papal letter type and the “essay in letter form”). I found that, though the selected pastoral letters and nonpastoral letters had some literary features in common, such as structure and form, and employed rhetorical devices, they nevertheless differed in terms of purposes and function. In the last chapter, Chapter VI, I briefly summarised the entire dissertationAFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif het ten doel om die bestaan van ’n Christelike brieftradisie, nl. die pastorale brieftipe, in die eerste vyf eeue van hierdie era na te spoor. Vir hierdie doel het ek die probleem- en doelstellings, teoretiese uitgangspunte, navorsingsvraagstukke, hipoteses, metodologieë en strukture van die proefskrif in Hoofstuk I uiteengesit. In Hoofstuk II het ek ’n oorsig gegee van moderne studie oor die Grieks-Romeinse epistolografie. Ek het ook nagevors hoe die studie van Christelike briewe aansluiting vind by die Grieks-Romeinse epistolografie, en watter bydrae hierdie studie tot die ontwikkeling van moderne studie oor die Grieks-Romeinse epistolografie gemaak het. Bykomend hiertoe het ek gefokus op die studie van ’n Christelike brieftradisie wat veral gedurende die middel van die twintigste eeu gefloreer het, en het sekere leemtes in hierdie vooraafgaande studies uitgewys, nl. die feit dat die analise van briewe tot slegs sekere periodes beperk is, en die versuim om generiese eienskappe en pastorale oogmerke in aanmerking te neem. Daarna het ek aan die einde van die hoofstuk aangedui wat nog gedoen behoort te word, soos om ’n breër spektrum van bronne en tydperke te benut, en om aandag te gee aan volgehoue tendense in die teorie en praktyk van psigagogiese briewe gedurende die eerste vyf eeue van hierdie era. In die lig van bogenoemde oorsig het ek in Hoofstuk III gefokus op die generiese eienskappe van Grieks-Romeinse hortatiewe briewe en hulle psigagogiese funksies, om die agtergrond te skets waarteen die generiese eienskappe en funksies van die vroegste Christelike briewe, nl. die briewe in die NT, teen ’n breër hortatiewe tradisie bestudeer kan word. Na aanleiding van hierdie ondersoek het ek tot die slotsom gekom dat Grieks-Romeinse hortatiewe briewe die algemene patroon van Grieks-Romeinse lettere met betrekking tot strukturele en formele eienskappe gevolg het. Nietemin was die funksie daarvan nie net gemik op die voorligting of onderrig van die ontvangers nie, maar die skrywers het ook vir die doel van oorreding verskeie retoriese middels ingespan wat dikwels in ander genres van hortatiewe werke gebruik is. In Hoofstuk IV het ek die briewe in die NT ontleed om aan te toon dat hierdie briewe behoort tot die hortatiewe briewe wat opgestel is vir die doeleindes van psigagogie, d.w.s. pastorale sorg. Eerstens het ek gefokus op die analise van Paulus se eerste sendbrief, nl. 1 Tessalonisense, om uit te wys dat hierdie eerste Christelike skrywer as pastor boweal gemoeid was met pastorale sorg, en vir die doeleindes van effektiewe pasorale sorg deels gesteun het op die Grieks-Romeinse hortatiewe brieftradisie. Uit hierdie analise kon ek aflei at 1 Tessalonisense geskaar kan word by die hortatiewe brieftradisie, maar tog die eiesoortigheid behou waardeur dit verskil van algemene hortatiewe briewe. Hierdie eienskappe moes voortgespruit het uit Paulus se bemoeienis om te sorg vir sy volgelinge in die Christelike geloof. In die daaropvolgende deel van hierdie hoofstuk ontleed ek die ander sendbriewe in die NT teen die agtergrond van die resultate van die analise van 1 Tessalonisense asook die breër hortatiewe tradisie, en geraak tot die gevolgtrekking dat die ander sendbriewe in die NT ook geklassifiseer kan word as hortatiewe briewe vir psigagogie, d.w.s. pastorale briewe, beide wat hulle strukturele en formele eienskappe aanbetref, en die doel van hulle samestelling en funksie. In Hoofstuk V het ek probeer om ’n aantal geselekteerde pastorale briewe van vroeë Christelike skrywers te ontleed. Eerstens het ek die geskiedenis van Christelike briewe en hulle skrywers as algemene agtergrond vir hierdie hoofstuk uitgelig. Uit hierdie skrywers en hulle briewe het ek sestien pastorale briewe van vyftien Christelike skrywers, leiers van mede-Christene, gekies, gebaseer op bepaalde kriteria. Dié het ek geanaliseer teen die agtergrond van die vroegste Christelike pastorale briewe, nl. die briewe in die NT, asook die breër Grieks-Romeinse hortatiewe lettere tradisie. Deur hierdie analise kon ek vasstel dat hierde geselekteerde briewe behalwe hulle Christelike eienskappe ook ooreenkomste met die vroegste Christelike pastorale briewe toon, veral met betrekking tot hulle doel en funksie,. Daarna het ek die resultate van hierdie analise vergelyk met geselekteerde briewe van nie-pastorale Christelike brieftipes, nl. die feesbrief, die sinodale brief, die pouslike brief en die essay in briefformaat. Alhoewel die geselekteerde pastorale briewe en die nie-pastorale briewe ooreenkomste getoon het wat literêre eienskappe soos struktuur, formaat en retoriese gebruike aanbetref, verskil hulle van mekaar in terme van doel en funksie. In die laaste hoofstuk, Hoofstuk VI, word die proefskrif kortliks opgeso

Clock Tree and Flip-flop Co-optimization for Reducing Power Consumption and Power/Ground Noise of Integrated Circuits and Systems

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2017. 8. 김태환.For very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits, the activation of all flip-flops that are used to store data is synchronized by clock signals delivered through clock networks. Due to very high frequency of clock signal switches, the dynamic power consumed on clock networks takes a considerable portion of the total power consumption of the circuits. In addition, the largest amount of power consumption in the clock networks comes from the flip-flops and the buffers that drive the flip-flops at the clock network boundary. In addition, the requirement of simultaneously activating all flip-flops for synchronous circuits induces a high peak power/ground noise (i.e., voltage drop) at the clock boundary. In this regards, this thesis addresses two new problems: the problem of reducing the clock power consumption at the clock network boundary, and the problem of reducing the peak current at the clock network boundary. Unlike the prior works which have considered the optimization of flip-flops and clock buffers separately, our approach takes into account the co-optimization of flip-flops and clock buffers. Precisely, we propose four different types of hardware component that can implement a set of flip-flops and their driving buffer as a single unit. The key idea for the derivation of the four types of clock boundary component is that one of the inverters in the driving buffer and one of the inverters in each flip-flop can be combined and removed without changing the functionality of the flip-flops. Consequently, we have a more freedom to select (i.e., allocate) clock boundary components that is able to reduce the power consumption or peak current under timing constraint. We have implemented our approach of clock boundary optimization under bounded clock skew constraint and tested it with ISCAS 89 benchmark circuits. The experimental results confirm that our approach is able to reduce the clock power consumption by 7.9∼10.2% and power/ground noise by 27.7%∼30.9% on average.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Clock Signal 1 1.2 Metrics of Clock Design 2 1.3 Clock Network Topologies 4 1.4 Multibit Flip-flop 5 1.5 Simultaneous Switching Noise 6 1.6 Contributions of This Dissertation 6 Chapter 2 Clock Tree and Flip-flop Co-optimization for Reducing Power Consumption 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Types of Boundary Optimization 9 2.3 Analysis of Four Types of Flip-flop 12 2.3.1 Internal Power Comparison 12 2.3.2 Characterization of Power Consumption 14 2.4 Problem Formulation 15 2.5 The Proposed Algorithm 17 2.5.1 Independence Assumption 17 2.5.2 BoundaryMin Algorithm 17 2.6 Experimental Results 29 2.6.1 Experimental Setup 29 2.6.2 Clock Tree Boundary Optimization Results 33 2.6.3 Capacitance Analysis on Flip-flops 38 2.6.4 Slew and Skew Analysis 39 2.6.5 Window Width Analysis 39 2.7 Conclusions 41 Chapter 3 Clock Tree and Flip-flop Co-optimization for Reducing Power/Ground Noise 42 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Current Characteristic of Four Types of Flip-flop 45 3.3 Motivational Example 47 3.4 Problem Formulation 52 3.5 Proposed Algorithm 54 3.5.1 An Overview 54 3.5.2 Superposition of Current Flows 55 3.5.3 Formulation to Instance of MOSP Problem 57 3.5.4 Selecting Target Power Grid Points 59 3.5.5 Consideration of Reducing Power Consumption 62 3.6 Experimental Results 62 3.7 Summary 65 Chapter 4 Conclusion 68 4.1 Clock Buffer and Flip-flop Co-optimization for Reducing Power Consumption 68 4.2 Clock Buffer and Flip-flop Co-optimization for Reducing Power/Ground Noise 69 초록 78Docto

Bridging the Spheres: Political and Personal Conversation in Public and Private Spaces

For some theorists, talk about politics is infrequent, difficult, divisive, and, to be efficacious, must proceed according to special rules in protected spaces. We, however, examined ordinary political conversation in common spaces, asking Americans how freely and how often they talked about 9 political and personal topics at home, work, civic organizations, and elsewhere. Respondents felt free to talk about all topics. Most topics were talked about most frequently at home and at work, suggesting that the electronic cottage is wired to the public sphere. Political conversation in most loci correlated significantly with opinion quality and political participation, indicating that such conversation is a vital component of actual democratic practice, despite the emphasis given to argumentation and formal deliberation by some normative theorists

Alterations in Striatal Circuits Underlying Addiction-Like Behaviors

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N=4 Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics with Magnetic Monopole

We propose an N=4 supersymmetric quantum mechanics of a charged particle on a sphere in the background of Dirac magnetic monopole and study the system using the CP(1) model approach. We explicitly calculate the symmetry algebra taking the operator ordering ambiguity into consideration. We find that it is given by the superalgebra SU(1|2)x SU(2). We show that the Hamiltonian can be written in terms of the Casimir invariant of SU(2). Using this relation and the lower bound for angular momentm we obtain the energy spectrum. We then examine the ground energy sector to find that the N=4 supersymmetry is spontaneously broken to N=2 for certain values of the monopole charge.Comment: 7 page

Development and Validation of a Virtual Reality-Based Training Program for Promoting Subjective Well-Being

Objective Enhancing subjective well-being is an effective way to improve mental health. This study aimed to validate a virtual realitybased interactive feedback program as an intervention tool for promoting subjective well-being. Methods Thirty-six males participated in this program, consisting of three tasks constructed based on the theories of positive psychology: 'Experience-based problem recognition task', 'Future self-based success story expression task', and 'Strength expression task'. Participants rated visual analog scores associated with each of the tasks contents. The concurrent validity of task scores was evaluated by correlations with the psychological scale scores. Results The total task score was positively correlated with scores of Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) emotional wellbeing and psychological well-being, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Dispositional Hope Scale agency dimension and pathways dimension, and Life Orientation Test Revised, but not with MHC-SF social well-being scores. After controlling for the effects of the other task scores, the task scores had linear relationships with certain psychological assessments. Conclusion Since the task scores are closely related to indicators of well-being, self-esteem, hope, and optimism, the program contents are well associated with certain aspects of subjective well-being and thus may be available for training that improves subjective well-being through interactive feedback.11Nsciessciscopuskc