European LeukemiaNet laboratory recommendations for the diagnosis and management of chronic myeloid leukemia

From the laboratory perspective, effective management of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) requires accurate diagnosis, assessment of prognostic markers, sequential assessment of levels of residual disease and investigation of possible reasons for resistance, relapse or progression. Our scientific and clinical knowledge underpinning these requirements continues to evolve, as do laboratory methods and technologies. The European LeukemiaNet convened an expert panel to critically consider the current status of genetic laboratory approaches to help diagnose and manage CML patients. Our recommendations focus on current best practice and highlight the strengths and pitfalls of commonly used laboratory tests

Sorafenib promotes graft-versus-leukemia activity in mice and humans through IL-15 production in FLT3-ITD-mutant leukemia cells

Individuals with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) harboring an internal tandem duplication (ITD) in the gene encoding Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) who relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) have a 1-year survival rate below 20%. We observed that sorafenib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, increased IL-15 production by FLT3-ITD(+) leukemia cells. This synergized with the allogeneic CD8(+) T cell response, leading to long-term survival in six mouse models of FLT3-ITD(+) AML. Sorafenib-related IL-15 production caused an increase in CD8(+)CD107a(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells with features of longevity (high levels of Bcl-2 and reduced PD-1 levels), which eradicated leukemia in secondary recipients. Mechanistically, sorafenib reduced expression of the transcription factor ATF4, thereby blocking negative regulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) activation, which enhanced IL-15 transcription. Both IRF7 knockdown and ATF4 overexpression in leukemia cells antagonized sorafenib-induced IL-15 production in vitro. Human FLT3-ITD(+) AML cells obtained from sorafenib responders following sorafenib therapy showed increased levels of IL-15, phosphorylated IRF7, and a transcriptionally active IRF7 chromatin state. The mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity and glycolytic capacity of CD8(+) T cells increased upon sorafenib treatment in sorafenib responders but not in nonresponders. Our findings indicate that the synergism of T cells and sorafenib is mediated via reduced ATF4 expression, causing activation of the IRF7-IL-15 axis in leukemia cells and thereby leading to metabolic reprogramming of leukemia-reactive T cells in humans. Therefore, sorafenib treatment has the potential to contribute to an immune-mediated cure of FLT3-ITD-mutant AML relapse, an otherwise fatal complication after allo-HCT

Microbial degradation of chlorophenols

Chlorophenols (CPs) are hazardous pollutant that are commonly encountered as major constituents of several types of wastewater such as industrial, refinery and pharmaceutical wastewater. They are also exposed to the environment in the form of chloro-based pesticides. CPs are considered harmful to human health due to their potential carcinogenic and toxic effects. Although some types of CPs are resistant to degradation and therefore persistent in the environment, many types of microorganisms have developed the ability to degrade them, and hence biological degradation can be exploited to remediate the environmental problems associated with CPs. Recent achievements in the degradation of CPs by microorganisms have been reviewed, focusing on the degradation mechanisms and pathways of 2, 4-dichlorophenol and Pentachlorophenol.Scopu