Output Interference and Strength Based Mirror Effect in Recognition Memory

The strength based mirror effect (SBME) refers to higher hit rates and lower false alarm rates for strongly encoded items. The SBME has been explained by two alternative mechanisms: differentiation and criterion shift. The differentiation account posits that as the memory traces are strengthened, the memory for the items is less noisy and therefore are less confusable with the stored memory traces. The criterion shift account, on the other hand, suggests that the tendency to endorse a test item differs between strong and weak test lists. When participants receive a test after studying a strong list of items, they require more evidence to endorse an item. This account suggests that the SBME is observed due to the decision processes rather than memory. One strong piece of evidence for the criterion shift account is that the SBME is observed after studying a mixed list in which half of the items are strengthened and the other half are not. The differentiation mechanism can not account for the SBME observed after a mixed study list. However, recent findings of output interference (OI) in recognition memory have been explained by encoding at retrieval, which suggest that differentiation can also take place at retrieval. This suggests a third possible explanation for the SBME might be encoding during retrieval. In a series of experiments, we investigated the effect of strengthening items at study on OI in pure and mixed list paradigms. The results from the pure list paradigm (Experiment 1) showed both OI and the SBME as well as an interaction between OI and the SBME, as the item-noise models predicted. The results from the mixed list paradigm (Experiment 2-4) showed that the SBME was observed only when participants were informed of the strength of the list that they would be tested on. This finding adds constraints to the criterion shift account which states that participants shift their criterion to endorse a test item according to the type of the test list and that shift in the criterion causes the SBME. These results suggest that both criterion shift and differentiation account could be playing a role in the SBME after studying pure lists, and that only criterion shift account plays a role in SBME after studying a mixed list, but only when participants are explicitly aware of the testing conditions

Assessing Theoretical Conclusions With Blinded Inference to Investigate a Potential Inference Crisis

Scientific advances across a range of disciplines hinge on the ability to make inferences about unobservable theoretical entities on the basis of empirical data patterns. Accurate inferences rely on both discovering valid, replicable data patterns and accurately interpreting those patterns in terms of their implications for theoretical constructs. The replication crisis in science has led to widespread efforts to improve the reliability of research findings, but comparatively little attention has been devoted to the validity of inferences based on those findings. Using an example from cognitive psychology, we demonstrate a blinded-inference paradigm for assessing the quality of theoretical inferences from data. Our results reveal substantial variability in experts’ judgments on the very same data, hinting at a possible inference crisis

ANALYSIS OF WATERLOGGED WOODS: EXAMPLE OF YENIKAPI SHIPWRECKS

In this study, the analyses carried out before and during the conservation were evaluated to manage the conservation works on the woods of Yenikapi Shipwrecks. The analyses comprise the maximum water content (Umax)-density, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and XRF (X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy) analyses. To carry out the conservation works on the woods of Yenikapi shipwrecks, the analyses start with the samples obtained from the woods before the conservation works and continue until the last phase in which chemical impregnation processes are completed

EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF A GROUP OF WATERLOGGED WOODS FROM THE SHIPWRECK YENIKAPI 35

The present study examines the physical condition of a group of waterlogged woods from Yenikapi 35 (YK 35) shipwreck and assesses their degree of degradation. Maximum water content and density of the samples taken from the waterlogged wood of the shipwreck are calculated for this study. The analyses revealed that the samples had an average density of 0,15-0,51 g/cm3 with Maximum water content values of % 125-610. The data in question is initially used to find the degree of degradation of the wooden parts and then as a reference for management of the conservation works

Stochastic Modelling of Pilling Degree Changes During the Pilling Process of Wool Fabrics

As a fabric surface defect, pilling gives clothes an unpleasant appearance and is often characterized with small, complex clusters of fibers attaching to the surface of the garment caused by the fiber migration from yams to the fabric surface as the fabric rubs against itself, another fabric, or even the skin. In this study, a Markov chain model was built based on the pilling propensity of wool fabrics, evaluated with a scale ranging from 1 (severe pilling) to 5 (non-pilling). These degrees were defined as the state space of Markov chain. The numerical values of the transition probability matrix related to the pilling degrees were obtained by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Based on the matrix, it was intended to model the changes in the pilling process of woven wool fabrics. Furthermore, given that the fabric will eventually be in state 1, 2 or 3, accepted as unpleasant appearance; the conditional mean first passage times for any transient state to enter any recurrent state for the first time were determined

Progressive Onset Multiple Sclerosis: Demographic, Clinical And Laboratory Characteristics Of Patients With And Without Relapses In The Course

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