兵頭スコアを用いた摂食嚥下障害重症度と推奨飲食形態の予測

藤田医科大

Scolothrips asura Ramakrishna & Margabandhu

Scolothrips asura Ramakrishna & Margabandhu (Figs. 1 A −E & 2 A −F) Scolothrips asura Ramakrishna & Margabandhu, 1931: 1035; Bhatti, 1990; Wang, 2002: 254; Mound & Tree, 2007: 10; Mound, 2011: 47. Scolothrips azura (sic!); Priesner, 1950: 56. Scolothrips quadrinotata Han & Zhang 1982: 56. [Synonymized by Mound, 2011: 47] Female macroptera. Distended body length 1.0− 1.2 mm. Body strongly bicoloured, with red internal pigments before KOH treatment, head brown but slightly paler posteromedially, pronotum white, mesothorax to abdominal segment II and segments VI −VIII dark brown, III −V white, IX −X pale brown; antennal segment I pale brown, II brown, III −IV white, V white with distal half slightly greyish, VI −VIII slightly greyish; fore wing (Fig. 2 A) with two hyaline areas, dark brown at basal third including clavus and subdistal area, distal dark band half length of basal band, hyaline at median third and apex; all legs white; prominent body setae pale to slightly shaded except veinal setae dark on dark bands of fore wing. Head (Fig. 1 A) 0.6−0.8 times as long as wide. Ocellar setae III on ocellar hump and in front of hind ocelli. Antennal segment (Fig. 1 B) III widest at middle, VI widest at basal third, III and IV without distal neck, VI and V slightly pedicelate, VI the longest, widest near base and tapering to apex, microtrichial row present on ventral surface of III and both dorsal and ventral surfaces of IV −VI. Antennal segments I −VIII length/width ratio as follows: 0.6−0.7, 0.9−1.2, 1.4−1.9, 1.3 −2.0, 1.6−2.1, 2.3−2.8, 1.3−1.7, 2.0− 2.5. Pronotum (Fig. 1 A) about 0.7 times as long as wide, with indistinct groove-like transverse lines of sculpture, without discal setae; major setae 0.8−1.4 times as long as pronotal median length. Mesonotum sculptured with narrow spaced transverse anastomosing striae on posterior half; CPS absent anteromedially. Metascutum (Fig. 1 C) sculptured with narrow spaced longitudinal anastomosing striae; median pair of setae close to lateral setae, 0.5−0.8 times as long as metascutal median length; CPS absent. Fore wing costal vein with 14−19 setae, first vein with 8−10 setae. Abdominal tergites (Figs. 1 E & 2 B −C) I −III distinctly sculptured with narrow spaced transverse anastomosing lines of sculpture, but smooth submedian areas, IV −VIII laterally with similar sculpture slightly extending mesad of S 2 setae, not reaching median CPS; tergite IX with posterior pair of CPS only, only lateral minor setae (SS 3) present and small, 0.1−0.4 times as long as median length of the tergite; sternite VII (Fig. 2 D) with S 1 setae in front of posterior margin. Ovipositor 2.0− 2.3 times as long as pronotal median length. Measurements (female in microns). Body length 960−1190. Head length 65−93 (length including anterior prolongation 72−105), width across cheeks 105−118; compound eye dorsal length 43−68, width 35−45. Ocellar setae III length 77−105, distance between their bases 20−23. Pronotal median length 95−113, width 140; anteromarginal setae length 100−150, anteroangular setae length 88−140, posteroangular setae I length 80−127, setae II length 75−119; posteromarginal setae I length 86−121, ML setae length 70−125. Metascutal median length 55−65; median setae length 25−50. Fore wing length 520−700, width at middle 40−55. Abdominal tergite IX median length 73−83; S 1 setae length 50−65, S 2 seta length 55−85, S 3 setae length 61−108, MD setae length 21−28, SS 3 setae length 10−30; tergite X median length 48−58, S 1 setae length 60−100, S 2 setae 49−90. Ovipositor length 210−240. Antennal segments I −VIII length (width) 15−19 (24−30), 25−35 (25−30), 30−41 (20−25), 30−40 (19−23), 28−35 (15−18), 38−45 (16−19), 10−13 (8−9), 10−13 (5−6). Male macroptera. Body colour similar to female, but terminal segment yellow. Abdominal tergite IX (Fig. 2 E) without MD setae, S 1 setae much ahead of level of S 2 setae; sternite VIII (Fig. 2 F) rarely with a few additional setae other than three posteromarginal setae; sternal pore plates 78−103 µm wide. Measurements (male in microns). Body length 930. Head length 64 (length including anterior prolongation 74), width across cheeks 85; compound eye dorsal length 53, width 35. Ocellar setae III length 73−81, distance between their bases 15. Pronotal median length 88, width 128; anteromarginal setae length 90−95, anteroangular setae length 80−82, posteroangular setae I length 79−81, setae II length 72−73; posteromarginal setae I length 78−86, ML setae length 68−79. Metascutal median length 50; median setae length 25−28. Fore wing length 460, width at middle 40. Antennal segments I −VIII length (width) 20 (25), 25 (24), 35 (19), 30 (18), 25 (15), 37 (15), 10 (8), 10 (5). Specimens examined. JAPAN, Ryukyus: Okinawa-hontou Island, 42 females; Ie-jima Island, 10 females; Miyako-jima Island, 9 females; Shimoji-jima Island, 3 females; Irabu-jima Island, 2 females; Ishigaki-jima Island, 1 male. TAIWAN, 15 females, 4 males. THAILAND, 16 females, 5 males. Distribution. Japan: Ryukyus (Okinawa-hontou, Ie-jima, Miyako-jima, Shimoji-jima, Irabu-jima, Ishigakijima); Thailand; Taiwan; India; Australia. Possible prey species. The following spider mite species were identified with S. asura in the Ryukyus and Taiwan: Eutetranychus africanus, Oligonichus biharensis, O. coffeae, Panonychus citri, Tetranychus evansi, T. kanzawai, T. neocaledonicus, T. okinawanus, T. piercei, T. pueraricola. Comments. This species is similar to the Australian species, S. ochoa Mound et al., in the bicoloured body and longitudinal sculpture lines on the metascutum, and they can be distinguished from all other members of the genus by their bicoloured body. S. ochoa is unique in this genus as follows; pronotum without mid-lateral setae, and head without anteocellar setae, and short antennal segments (Mound et al., 2010).Published as part of Masumoto, Masami, Ohno, Suguru, Ganaha-Kikumura, Tomoko, Miyagi, Akiko & Okajima, Shûji, 2012, Review of the genus Scolothrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from Japan, pp. 36-48 in Zootaxa 3183 (1) on pages 38-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3183.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/21306

Description of a new species of Aphanogmus Thomson (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronidae) that parasitizes acarivorous gall midges of Feltiella (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in Japan

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Scolothrips takahashii Priesner

Scolothrips takahashii Priesner (Figs. 5 A −D & 6 A −F) Scolothrips takahashii Priesner, 1950: 52; Haga, 1983: 3; Wang, 2002: 257; Mound, 2011: 52. Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Pergande); Kurosawa, 1968: 38. Scolothrips priesneri Sakimura 1954: 357. [Synonymized by Mound, 2011: 52] Female macroptera. Distended body length 1.1−1.3 mm. Body almost uniformly white or yellowish white, metascutum shaded; all antennal segments slightly shaded in grey, but I slightly paler; fore wing (Fig. 6 A) with three hyaline areas, clavus dark brown with distal third hyaline; all legs white; prominent body setae pale or slightly shaded, but darker at fore wing. Head (Fig. 5 A) 0.6−0.8 times as long as wide. Ocellar setae III on ocellar hump and in front of hind ocelli. Antennal segments (Fig. 6 C) III and IV widest at middle, VI the longest, widest near base and tapering, microtrichial row present on ventral surface of III and both dorsal and ventral surfaces of IV −VI. Antennal segments I to VIII length/width ratio as follows: 0.5−0.8, 1.0− 1.3, 1.5 −2.0, 1.5−1.9, 1.6 −2.0, 2.4−3.1, 1.1−1.7, 1.0−3.0. Pronotum (Fig. 5 A) 0.6−0.7 times as long as wide, with indistinct groove-like transverse lines of sculpture, without discal setae; major setae 0.8−1.2 times as long as pronotal median length. Mesonotum (Fig. 5 B) sculptured with wide spaced transverse anastomosing striae posterior half; CPS present anteromedially. Metascutum (Fig. 5 B) irregularly reticulate medially; median pair of setae close to lateral setae, 0.5−0.9 times as long as metascutal median length; CPS absent. Prospinasternum narrow (Fig. 5 C). Fore wing costal vein with 18−22 setae, first vein with 8−11 setae. Abdominal tergites I −II (Fig. 5 D) with wide spaced transverse anastomosing lines of sculpture, but smooth at submedian areas, III −VIII (Fig. 6 D) laterally with similar sculpture not reaching median CPS; tergite IX (Fig. 6 D) with posterior pair of CPS only, only lateral minor setae (SS 3) present and usually very small, 0.3−0.9 times as long as median length of the tergite; sternite VII with S 1 setae situated in front of posterior margin. Ovipositor 2.0− 2.2 times as long as pronotal median length. Measurements (female in microns). Holotype in parentheses. Body length 1120−1330 (ca. 1070). Head length 66−88 (ca. 80), length including anterior prolongation 78−95 (ca. 93), width across cheeks 109−154 (154); compound eye dorsal length 45−65 (ca. 65), width 38−43 (−). Ocellar setae III length 78−94 (ca. 83), distance between their bases 23−33 (−). Pronotal median length 105−116 (ca. 108), width 150−180 (−); anteromarginal setae length 108−125 (ca. 108), anteroangular setae length 88−123 (88 −ca. 103), posteroangular setae I length 91−113 (91 −ca. 100), setae II length 93−114 (93 −ca. 98); posteromarginal setae I length 103−118 (106 −ca. 113), ML setae length 88−113 (88 −ca. 93). Metascutal median length 63−73 (ca. 65); median setae length 38−60 (40 −ca. 50). Fore wing length 700-810 (810), width at middle 50-70 (70). Abdominal tergite IX median length 68-80 (ca. 80); S 1 setae length 68-88 (68 - ca. 75), S 2 seta length 69-84 (75 - ca. 81), S 3 setae length 73-93 (81 - ca. 90), ML setae length 30-43 (30 - ca. 39), SS 3 setae length 20-63 (21 - ca. 23); tergite X median length 55−70 (ca. 63), S 1 setae length 57−79 (70 −ca. 75), S 2 setae 50−71 (52 −ca. 61). Ovipositor length 220−240 (235). Antennal segments I −VIII length (width) 15−23 (20)/ 28−30 (28), 28−35 (30)/ 25−28 (28), 33−40 (38)/ 25−28 (21), 30−38 (33)/ 19−20 (20), 28−33 (33)/ 15−19 (19), 40−50 (50)/ 16−18 (16), 9−13 (13)/ 8−9 (8), 5−16 (16)/ 5−7 (5). Male macroptera. Body colour similar to female. Abdominal tergite IX (Fig. 6 E) with MD setae, S 1 setae much ahead of level of S 2 setae and lateral to MD setae; sternal pore plates (Fig. 6 F), 113−135 µm wide. Measurements (male in microns). Body length 1030. Head length 73 (length including anterior prolongation 76), width across cheeks 113; compound eye dorsal length 52, width 38. Ocellar setae III length 75−78, distance between their bases 25. Pronotal median length 98, width 148; anteromarginal setae length 100, anteroangular setae length 86-101, posteroangular setae I length 83−88, setae II length 89−93; posteromarginal setae I length 99−100, MD setae length 79−86. Metascutal median length 55; median setae length 25−28. Fore wing length 600, width at middle 45. Antennal segments I −VIII length (width) 20 (28), 28 (25), 33 (19), 29 (16), 28 (15), 39 (16), 10 (6), 15 (5). Specimens examined. Holotype female, TAIWAN, Taihoku, on leaf of Ricinus [Euphorbiaceae], 16.i. 1938, R. Takahashi (SMF). Other specimens: JAPAN, Honshu: 70 females & 7 males. Shikoku: 59 females & 2 males. Ryukyus: 6 females in Okinawa-hontou Island. TAIWAN, 1 female. Distribution. Japan: Honshu, Shikoku, Ryukyus (Okinawa-hontou); Taiwan; Hawaii. Comments. This species is included in longicornis group, together with S. dilongicornis from China and S. longicornis from Europe (Mound, 2011). They can be distinguished by metascutum colour and length of male fore wing. S. takahashii has shaded metascutum and macropterous male, whereas S. dilongicornis has pale metascutum and micropterous male and S. longicornis has pale metascutum and hemimacropterous male. In Honshu, Japan, this species has been known as “six-spotted thrips ” for a long time but is here newly recorded from Okinawa.Published as part of Masumoto, Masami, Ohno, Suguru, Ganaha-Kikumura, Tomoko, Miyagi, Akiko & Okajima, Shûji, 2012, Review of the genus Scolothrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from Japan, pp. 36-48 in Zootaxa 3183 (1) on pages 44-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3183.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/21306

Effects of Age, Phase Variation and Pheromones on Male Sperm Storage in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria

In general, sperm produced in the testis are moved into the seminal vesicle via the vas deferens in insects, where they are stored. How this sperm movement is controlled is less well understood in locusts or grasshoppers. In this study, the effects of age, phase variation and pheromones on male sperm storage were investigated in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). In this locust, a pair of ducts, the vasa deferentia, connect the testes to a pair of the long, slender seminal vesicles that are folded approximately thirty times, and where the sperm are stored. We found that phase variation affected the level of sperm storage in the seminal vesicle. Moreover, adult males that detected pheromones emitted by mature adult males showed enhanced sperm storage compared with males that received the pheromones emitted from nymphs: The former, adult male pheromones are known to promote sexual maturation of immature adults of both sexes, whereas the latter, nymphal pheromones delay sexual maturation. Most mature adult males had much sperm in the vasa deferentia at all times examined, suggesting daily sperm movement from the testes to the seminal vesicles via the vasa deferentia. As adult males aged, sperm were accumulated from the proximal part to the distal end of the seminal vesicle. Many sperm remained in the seminal vesicle after mating. These results suggest that young or new sperm located near the proximal part of the seminal vesicle could be used for mating, whereas old sperm not used for mating are stored in the distal part of the seminal vesicle

Scolothrips Hind

Genus Scolothrips Hind Scolothrips Hinds, 1902: 157. Type species: Thrips sexmaculata Pergande, 1890, by original designation and monotypy. Female. Body small and fragile. Wings present. Major body setae with surfaces rough. Head (Fig. 1 A) wider than long, humped at ocellar triangle, cheeks rounded; mouth-cone not elongate and more or less pointed at apex, with 3 -segmented maxillary palpi. Compound eyes very large and bulging, with four large strongly pigmented (and often several normal sized weakly pigmented) ommatidia ventrally. Ocellar setae I and II (=anteocellar setae) present, rarely absent, usually elongate nearly half length of setae III (=interocellar setae), setae III almost as long as head length. Postocular setae four pairs, rarely absent. Antennae (Fig. 1 B) 8 - segmented, segment I without median dorsal apical setae, II with dorsal inner setae much longer than outer one, III and IV with sensoria forked, microtrichial rows present or absent. Pronotum (Fig. 1 A) wider than long; usually six pairs of very long setae (anteromarginals, anteroangulars, posteromarginals and MLs each 1 pair, posteroangulars 2 pairs) present, but rarely MLs small. Mesonotum (Fig. 5 B) with median pair of setae situated far from posterior margin. Metascutum (Fig. 1 C) with median pair of setae situated at or near anterior margin; CPS absent. Prosternal ferna (Fig. 1 D) divided at middle; basantra membranous, often with one or two setae; prospinasternum (Fig. 1 D) weak, narrow and curved directed posteriorly at middle or median triangle plate. Mesosternum without or with indistinct sternopleural sutures; endofurca with spinula. Metasternal endofurca with spinula. Fore wing (Fig. 2 A) with two dark bands and with much elongate veinal setae, costal setae longer than anteromarginal fringe hairs; first vein without long gap in setal row, interval irregularly spaced, first vein slightly curved backward near the veinal fork (Fig. 6 B); second vein with 4 or 5 (rarely 6−8) setae evenly spaced; clavus usually with 3 (rarely 4) veinal and one discal setae; posteromarginal fringe cilia undulated. Tarsi 2 -segmented. Abdominal tergites (Figs. 4 B-C) without ctenidia and posteromarginal craspeda, indistinctly divided from laterotergites, tergal discal setae small; tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; tergite X (Fig. 4 C) without longitudinal median split; sternites without posteromarginal craspeda and discal setae; sternites III −VII with three pairs of posteromarginal setae, but II with two pairs; sternite VII with S 1 setae in front of posterior margin. Ovipositor developed. Male. General body structure as in female but sometime micropterous. Abdominal tergite X without longitudinal median split; sternites (Fig. 2 F) III −VIII each with a large transverse pore plate constricted at middle. Comments. Within the genus Scolothrips, Mound (2011) recognized two species groups each of three nominal species that cannot be distinguished satisfactorily from each other. The Old World longicornis group includes dilongicornis Han & Zhang and takahasii Priesner, and the North American sexmaculatus group includes hoodi Priesner and pallidus Beach.Published as part of Masumoto, Masami, Ohno, Suguru, Ganaha-Kikumura, Tomoko, Miyagi, Akiko & Okajima, Shûji, 2012, Review of the genus Scolothrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from Japan, pp. 36-48 in Zootaxa 3183 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3183.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/21306

FIGURE 6 in Review of the genus Scolothrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from Japan

FIGURE 6. Scolothrips takahashii, female (A−D) and male (E−F). A, Fore wing, right (marginal fringe hairs omitted); C, antenna, right; D, tergites VIII–X; E, tergite IX; F, sternite VII (sculpture omitted). Scales: 0.04 mm