Human Rights in Patient Care: A Practitioner Guide - Georgia

Health systems can too often be places of punishment, coercion, and violations of basic rights—rather than places of treatment and care. In many cases, existing laws and tools that provide remedies are not adequately used to protect rights.This Practitioner Guide series presents practical how-to manuals for lawyers interested in taking cases around human rights in patient care. The manuals examine patient and provider rights and responsibilities, as well as procedures for protection through both the formal court system and alternative mechanisms in 10 countries.Each Practitioner Guide is country-specific, supplementing coverage of the international and regional framework with national standards and procedures in the following:ArmeniaGeorgiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanMacedoniaMoldova (forthcoming)RomaniaRussia (forthcoming)SerbiaUkraineThis series is the first to systematically examine the application of constitutional, civil, and criminal laws; categorize them by right; and provide examples and practical tips. As such, the guides are useful for medical professionals, public health mangers, Ministries of Health and Justice personnel, patient advocacy groups, and patients themselves.Advancing Human Rights in Patient Care: The Law in Seven Transitional Countries is a compendium that supplements the practitioner guides. It provides the first comparative overview of legal norms, practice cannons, and procedures for addressing rights in health care in Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Russia, and Ukraine.A Legal Fellow in Human Rights in each country is undertaking the updating of each guide and building the field of human rights in patient care through trainings and the development of materials, networks, and jurisprudence. Fellows are recent law graduates based at a local organization with expertise and an interest in expanding work in law, human rights, and patient care. To learn more about the fellowships, please visit health-rights.or

Early clinical exposure in undergraduate medical education : A questionnaire survey of 30 European countries

Purpose Fifteen years ago, a European survey demonstrated widespread adoption of early clinical exposure (ECE) programmes but little emphasis in the curricula of medical schools. We now repeat the survey in light of the ample emerging data suggesting multiple positive outcomes of ECE. Methods Online cross-sectional survey in European medical schools conducted by the EURACT Basic Medical Education Committee in 2021. Descriptive quantitative analyses and a thematic analysis approach were used. Results Eighy-nine (48%) medical schools in 30 European countries responded. ECE was used in 65 (73%) of the medical schools, and 88% of ECE programmes took place in primary care. The median total time spent on the ECE programme was 5 days. Teaching methods covered unstructured learning opportunities such as observation or shadowing doctors, as well as work-based learning whilst seeing real patients or reflecting on own encounters. Learning goals included knowledge, skills, and attitudes. More than half of the respondents expressed barriers to implementing or expanding ECE. Conclusions Compared to the previous survey, there was no significant change in the adoption or curricular emphasis of ECE programmes. Institutional attitudes towards certain disciplines and a lack of willingness to experiment with new teaching methods may be partially responsible.Peer reviewe

Fetal Stress, Inflammatory Marker and Childhood Asthma

Background: Asthma research has focused on postnatal exposures, but there is recent evidence to indicate immune responses might be initiated in fetal period. Systemic Inflammatory processes during pregnancy might affect fetal lung development that could increase propensity in the child to develop lung diseases.Objective: To identify the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in Pregnant (with stress in second trimester), newborn blood samples (cord blood) with childhood wheezing.Methods: Serum CRP concentrations (Turbidimetric method) were measured in maternal blood on the 13-17 weeks of gestation in 32 pregnant women and in the newborn  cord blood after delivery. During1 year the frequency of wheezing diseases evaluated by the International Study on Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC). Results: Maternal C-reactive protein was associated with the wheezing and lower respiratory tract infections r=.413*; - p=0.019. Compared to children with cord blood C-reactive protein high level had increased risks of wheezing, r=572;  p=0.001Conclusion: Our results suggest that elevated maternal and Cord blood CRP levels are associated with wheezing and lower respiratory tract infections in the first  years and predictive  asthma young in life

Problemy związane z płcią i przemocą seksualną wobec kobiet żydowskich podczas Holokaustu

Niniejsza praca prezentuje problematykę gender oraz przemoc seksualną wobec kobiet pochodzenia żydowskiego w okresie Holokaustu, w całości opierając się na świadectwach i wspomnieniach ocalałych ofiar. Problematyka gender w kontekście Holokaustu nadal pozostaje obszarem jeszcze nieodkrytym i niszowym, który umożliwi głębsze i bardziej zróżnicowane pojmowanie Holokaustu. Przedmiotowa praca opisuje doświadczenia kobiet w różnych stadiach Holokaustu, głównie ich przeżycia w gettach oraz obozach koncentracyjnych, ukazując zróżnicowane reakcje ofiar na prześladowania nazistowskie. Ostateczny punkt zainteresowania w pracy obejmuje i naświetla gwałty oraz seksualne nadużycia wobec kobiet pochodzenia żydowskiego w całym okresie Holokaustu. Niniejsza praca ukazuje różnice w reakcjach kobiet we wszystkich społecznych aspektach życia i niezależnie od Rassenschande, częstotliwość zjawiska seksualnej przemocy stosowanej wobec nich oraz jak ww. nadużycia zmieniły moralność i role społeczne pełnione przez ich ofiary w okresie HolokaustuThis thesis presents gender issues and sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust, based entirely on testimonies and memoirs of the Holocaust survivors. Gendered study of the Holocaust is an as-yet-unexplored and niche topic of the field which will enable a deeper and more diversified understanding of the Holocaust. The work describes women’s experiences throughout different phases of the Holocaust, mainly their experiences in ghettos and concentration camps, showing the differences in their response to Nazi persecution. A final focus will encompass and elucidate upon the rape and sexual abuse against Jewish women throughout the whole period of the Holocaust. This work demonstrates the variations in reactions of different women in all social aspects of life, and regardless of Rassenschande, the frequency with which sexual violence against the Jewish women was happening, and how all these events changed the morality and social roles of these women during the Holocaust