Induction of chromosome shattering by ultraviolet light and caffeine: The influence of different distributions of photolesions

Cells of synchonized and of asynchronously growing cultures of a V79 Chinese hamster line were microirradiated with a low poweer laser-UV-microbeam of wavelength 257 nm. Ultraviolet light was either focused onto a small part of the nucleus (mode I) or distributed over the whole nucleus (mode II). Following microirradiation, the cells were incubated for 7–20 h with caffeine (1–2 mM) until chromosome preparation was performed. After both modes of microirradation, shattering of the entire chromosome complement (generalized chromosome shattering, GCS) was observed. It is suggested that the probability by which GCS is induced depends on the total number lesions rather than on their distribution in the chromatin. The results are consistent with the prediction of a “factor depletion model” wich assumes that in a given cell, GCS takes place both in irradiated and non-irradiated chromosomes of the total number of daughter strand-repair sites supasses a threshold value

Carbon Formation in the Reforming of Simulated Biomass Gasification Gas on Nickel and Rhodium Catalysts

Biomass gasification gas contains hydrocarbons that must be converted to CO and H2 prior to the utilization of the gas in a synthesis unit. Autothermal or steam reforming operating with a nickel or noble metal catalyst is a feasible option to treat the gas, but the harsh reaction conditions may lead to the formation of solid carbon. This study discusses the effects of pressure, time-on-stream, and ethylene content on the carbon formation on nickel and rhodium catalysts. The experiments were carried out with laboratory-scale equipment using reaction conditions that were closely simulated after a pilot-scale biomass gasifier. The results indicated that ethylene content above 20,000 vol-ppm and the increased pressure would increase the carbon formation, although there were differences between the rhodium and nickel catalysts. However, carbon formation was significantly more pronounced on the nickel catalyst when the reaction time was increased from 5 h to 144 h. The type of carbon was found to be primarily encapsulating and graphitic. The formation of whisker carbons (also known as carbon nanotubes) was not observed, which is consistent with the literature as the feed gas contained H2S. It was concluded that utilizing a noble metal catalyst as the front layer of the catalyst bed could lower the risk for carbon formation sufficiently to provide stable long-term operation

Parler femme? Parler couleur et ligne? Naispuhetta värissä ja viivassa.

Taidemaalari Sigrid Schauman (1877–1979) oli myös kuvataidekriitikko, jonka taidearvosteluissa esiintyy ajatus naisen omaehtoisesta ilmaisusta. Etenkin Ellen Thesleffin (1869–1954) taide tuntui ilmentävän Schaumanille ”naisen taiteen” ideaalia. Tässä artikkelissa analysoin Schaumanin kritiikkien retoriikkaa belgialaissyntyisen filosofin ja psykoanalyytikon Luce Irigarayn teoretisoiman sukupuolieron käsitteeseen tukeutuen. Artikkelissa kysyn, voisiko naisen omaehtoinen ilmaisu löytyä irigaraylaisittain kuvataiteen naisellisesta kielestä (parler femme), jossa positiivinen ero ajatellaan uudelleen?</p

Framework for Composition of Domain Specific Languages and the Effect of Composition on Re-use of Translation Rules

DSLs are programming languages that have been designed to be used to solve problems in a specific domain. They provide constructs that are high-level and domain-specific to make it easier to implement solutions in the given domain. They frequently also limit the language to the domain, avoiding general purpose constructs. One of the main reasons for using a DSL is to reduce the amount of work required for implementing new programs. To make the use of DSLs feasible, the cost of developing a new DSL for a domain has to be less than the total amount of cost saved by having the DSL. Thus, reducing the cost of developing new DSLs means that introducing DSLs becomes feasible in more situations. One way of reducing costs is to use composition techniques, where new languages are created from existing ones. This includes defining new language constructs in terms of existing ones, combining the constructs from one or more existing languages, and redefining existing constructs. We present a framework for composing languages on the abstract level and discuss to which degree one can ensure that languages produced by the composition language are valid. In particular, we look at how translation rules for translating from a composed language to a GPL are affected by the composition. That is, to which degree can a language composed from other languages reuse the translation rules of the languages it is composed from. We use a patience game suite as a case-study to show how our composition techniques can be used and demonstrate the short-comings of the techniques. We also show how a tool for composing languages can be created using DSLs produced by composition. The implementations are all in Java