For multidisciplinary research on the application of remote sensing to water resources problems

Research on the application of remote sensing to problems of water resources was concentrated on sediments and associated nonpoint source pollutants in lakes. Further transfer of the technology of remote sensing and the refinement of equipment and programs for thermal scanning and the digital analysis of images were also addressed

Measurement Theory and General Relativity

The theory of measurement is employed to elucidate the physical basis of general relativity. For measurements involving phenomena with intrinsic length or time scales, such scales must in general be negligible compared to the (translational and rotational) scales characteristic of the motion of the observer. Thus general relativity is a consistent theory of coincidences so long as these involve classical point particles and electromagnetic rays (geometric optics). Wave optics is discussed and the limitations of the standard theory in this regime are pointed out. A nonlocal theory of accelerated observers is briefly described that is consistent with observation and excludes the possibility of existence of a fundamental scalar field in nature.Comment: LaTeX springer style lamu.cls, 2 figures, 16 pages, published in: Black Holes: Theory and Observation: Proceedings of the 179th W.E. Heraeus Seminar, held August 1997 in Bad Honnef, Germany. F.W. Hehl et al.(eds). (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 1998

Thermal Evolution and Core Formation on Asteroid 4 Vesta in the Magma Ocean Regime

Geochemical observations of the eucrite and diogenite meteorites, together with observations made by NASAs Dawn spacecraft while orbiting asteroid 4 Vesta, indicate that Vesta has differentiated to form a crust, mantle, and core. Eucrite and diogenite petrology is best explained by solidification of the crust from a magma ocean constituting 60-70% of Vestas silicates [3], or a temperature of ~1550 C. The abundances of moderately siderophile elements (Ni, Co, Mo, W, and P) in eucrites require that essentially all of the metallic phase in Vesta segregated to form a core prior to eucrite formation and likely reached a temperature of 1450- 1575 C. These observations provide important constraints on Vestas thermal evolution. The high inferred temperature indicates that convective heat transport must have been important during part of Vestas thermal evolution. In this study, we model Vestas thermal evolution in the magma ocean regime

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Particles in the Mie-size Range: A Short Review

In this paper a short review is given on micro-Raman spectroscopy where the particles or the dimensions of scattering systems under investigation are comparable to the wavelength of the exciting laser light. If the scattering system has well-defined geometries, e. g. spheres, cylinders, etc., structural resonances can be observed in inelastical light scattering experiments. These resonances can be explained by the well-known Lorenz-Mie-theory. Examples of such Raman-Mie spectra of solid and liquid microspheres, as well as of fibers, are given. A variety of laser light traps are discussed which allow to study such Raman-Mie spectra experimentally

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Particles in the Mie-size Range: A Short Review

In this paper a short review is given on micro-Raman spectroscopy where the particles or the dimensions of scattering systems under investigation are comparable to the wavelength of the exciting laser light. If the scattering system has well-defined geometries, e. g. spheres, cylinders, etc., structural resonances can be observed in inelastical light scattering experiments. These resonances can be explained by the well-known Lorenz-Mie-theory. Examples of such Raman-Mie spectra of solid and liquid microspheres, as well as of fibers, are given. A variety of laser light traps are discussed which allow to study such Raman-Mie spectra experimentally

Motivation for Social and Economic Change in Japan

Paper by Christie W. Kiefe

Photosynthetic duration, carboxylation efficiency and stomatal limitation of sun and shade leaves of different ages in field-grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

The relationship of photosynthesis (A) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) sun and shade leaves of primary and secondary (lateral) shoots to insertion level was investigated over two seasons in the field. The leaf plastochron index (LPI) was used to denote leaf position on the shoot. Additionally, laboratory and field measurements of the response of A to CO2 were conducted. An empirical model was developed to estimate carboxylation efficiency (CE) and stomatal limitations (1) of A. In sun leaves, the relationship of A to LPI changed little until the end of the season (October), whereas stomatal conductance (g) and the intercellular partial pressure of CO2 (ci) increased. Leaves acclimated to low light and leaves older than LPI 5 had 30 % lower A and were operating at a slightly higher ci as sun leaves. During September and October, lateral leaves had highest rates of CO2 assimilation and CE. In mid-October, A and g decreased rapidly and simultaneously for all leaf types, leaf positions and both treatments (sun and shade). Photosynthesis responded similar to individual leaf age as to leaf position. A was linearly related to ci up to non-limiting conductances for sun and shade leaves, for all ages and at all times during the season. The CE and 1 were highest at the beginning of the season and strongly dependent on leaf position. Stomatal limitation declined continuously from about 55 % at the beginning to about 23 and 18 % for sun and shade leaves, respectively, at the end of the season

A dynamic model of Venus's gravity field

Unlike Earth, long wavelength gravity anomalies and topography correlate well on Venus. Venus's admittance curve from spherical harmonic degree 2 to 18 is inconsistent with either Airy or Pratt isostasy, but is consistent with dynamic support from mantle convection. A model using whole mantle flow and a high viscosity near surface layer overlying a constant viscosity mantle reproduces this admittance curve. On Earth, the effective viscosity deduced from geoid modeling increases by a factor of 300 from the asthenosphere to the lower mantle. These viscosity estimates may be biased by the neglect of lateral variations in mantle viscosity associated with hot plumes and cold subducted slabs. The different effective viscosity profiles for Earth and Venus may reflect their convective styles, with tectonism and mantle heat transport dominated by hot plumes on Venus and by subducted slabs on Earth. Convection at degree 2 appears much stronger on Earth than on Venus. A degree 2 convective structure may be unstable on Venus, but may have been stabilized on Earth by the insulating effects of the Pangean supercontinental assemblage