Evaluation of the Rules Related to Monuments' Frontage and its Role in Protecting Cultural Monuments

Privacy is one of the fundamental issues introduced in Iranian Civil Laws which has been formally codified since 1928. In 1930, the issue of cultural and historical monuments was specifically addressed in the law relating to preserving national monuments and the first sparks for the protection of cultural heritage were ignited. The question raised in this study was: “what factors are important in determining and preserving the frontage of valuable cultural spaces?” The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate rules and how to develop frontage rules for national monuments. The results showed that some issues should be considered in the field of rules. It is better to consider this issue in the constitution like some countries and in the programs of long-term perspective, the cultural heritage organization change to the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism to handle the Cultural Affairs better. However, the administrative and subjective aspects and effective forces have an important role in enforcing the rules in this regard

Utjecaj načina uzgoja crne johe na njezina statička savojna svojstva

This study was carried out to determine radial variation of wood density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and stress at elastic limit in plantation and natural alder (Alnus glutinosa) forests in north of Iran. Testing samples were taken at breast height of the stem and at three radial positions (10, 50 and 90 % of radius) for both cultivation methods (natural and plantation forests) to determine wood mechanical strength properties according to the ASTM standard. Analysis of variance indicated that cultivation methods (natural and plantation forest), radial position and interaction between planting position and radial direction had no significant effects on the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and stress at elastic limit in alder wood. Only the radial position had a significant effect on the wood density. Wood density was increased along radial direction from the pith to the periphery for both planting conditions. Overall, the mechanical strength properties in plantation forest were slightly higher than in natural forest. The relationship between wood density and mechanical properties were analyzed by linear regression. A positive relationship was found between wood density and mechanical properties for both planting conditions. These relationships were stronger in plantation forest than in natural forest.Istraživanje je provedeno kako bi se u radijalnome smjeru utvrdile varijacije gustoće drva, modula elastičnosti (MOE), modula loma pri savijanju (MOR) i naprezanja na granici elastičnosti drva crne johe (Alnus glutinosa) iz plantažne i prirodne šume johe sa sjevera Irana. Ispitni uzorci uzeti su na prsnoj visini stabala s tri radijalne pozicije (10, 50 i 90 % radijusa) iz oba načina uzgoja (iz prirodne i plantažne šume) kako bi se utvrdila mehanička svojstava drva prema standardu ASTM. Analiza varijance pokazala je da način uzgoja crne johe (prirodna i plantažna šuma), radijalni položaj, kao i interakcija između položaja samog stabla i položaja uzorka u radijalnome smjeru nisu imali statistički značajnog utjecaja na modul elastičnosti, modul loma pri savijanju, kao ni na naprezanje na granici elastičnosti. Radijalni položaj uzoraka imao je značajnog utjecaja samo na gustoću drva. Gustoća drva povećavala se u radijalnom smjeru od srčike prema kori, bez obzira na način uzgoja šuma. Općenito, ispitivana mehanička svojstva drva crne johe iz plantažne šume bila su nešto bolja od mehaničkih svojstava drva iz prirodne šume. Odnos između gustoće drva i ispitivanih mehaničkih svojstava analiziran je linearnom regresijom. Utvrđen je pozitivan odnos između gustoće drva i ispitivanih mehaničkih svojstava za oba načina uzgoja šuma. Ti odnosi između gustoće drva i ispitivanih mehaničkih svojstava jače se očituju u drvu johe iz plantažnog uzgoja nego iz prirodnog uzgoja

Physical properties and fiber dimension in Stem, Branch and root of Alder Wood

The aim of this study was to determine physical properties and fiber dimensions in stem, branch and root wood for alder (Alnus glutinosa L) species. For this purpose, three normal alder trees were selected from Khanican forest in north of Iran. Disks were taken from three parts such as stem, branch and root of trees. Testing samples were randomly taken at disk surfaces to examine the physical properties (according to the ISO standard for oven-dry density and volumetric shrinkage) and fiber dimension (fiber length, fiber diameter and lumen diameter according to the Franklin method). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the wood samples had significant difference on the wood density, volumetric shrinkage, fiber length, fiber diameter and lumen diameter. The highest wood density, volumetric shrinkage and fiber length was found in stem wood, whereas root wood had a lighter density, larger fiber diameter and larger fiber lumen diameter. The branch wood had the lowest fiber dimensions (fiber length, fiber diameter and lumen diameter) compared to other wood sample parts. The relationship between wood density and volumetric shrinkage were determined by regression model. These relationships in root wood were very weaker compared to stem wood and branch wood