Automatic Generation Control for Interconnected Hydro-thermal System with the help of Conventional Controllers

The Problem of Automatic Generation Control of large interconnected multi-area system is necessitated by the importance of maintenance of frequency and tie-line flows at their scheduled values. Disturbance in any part of the power system network has its effect on the frequency and tie-line power flows of the entire network. Thus, It is the responsibility of the Power system engineers to ensure that adequate power is delivered to the load reliably and economically so that nominal condition will be re-established. This Research paper aims to represents how nominal value can be achieved by close loop control of real and reactive powers generated in the controllable source of the system with the help of conventional controllers.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v2i4.30

Identification of Close Relatives in the HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Database

The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium has recently released a genome-wide dataset, which consists of 1,719 DNA samples collected from 71 Asian populations. For studies of human population genetics such as genetic structure and migration history, this provided the most comprehensive large-scale survey of genetic variation to date in East and Southeast Asia. However, although considered in the analysis, close relatives were not clearly reported in the original paper. Here we performed a systematic analysis of genetic relationships among individuals from the Pan-Asian SNP (PASNP) database and identified 3 pairs of monozygotic twins or duplicate samples, 100 pairs of first-degree and 161 second-degree of relationships. Three standardized subsets with different levels of unrelated individuals were suggested here for future applications of the samples in most types of population-genetics studies (denoted by PASNP1716, PASNP1640 and PASNP1583 respectively) based on the relationships inferred in this study. In addition, we provided gender information for PASNP samples, which were not included in the original dataset, based on analysis of X chromosome data

Population Genetic Structure of Peninsular Malaysia Malay Sub-Ethnic Groups

Patterns of modern human population structure are helpful in understanding the history of human migration and admixture. We conducted a study on genetic structure of the Malay population in Malaysia, using 54,794 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data generated in four Malay sub-ethnic groups in peninsular Malaysia (Melayu Kelantan, Melayu Minang, Melayu Jawa and Melayu Bugis). To the best of our knowledge this is the first study conducted on these four Malay sub-ethnic groups and the analysis of genotype data of these four groups were compiled together with 11 other populations' genotype data from Indonesia, China, India, Africa and indigenous populations in Peninsular Malaysia obtained from the Pan-Asian SNP database. The phylogeny of populations showed that all of the four Malay sub-ethnic groups are separated into at least three different clusters. The Melayu Jawa, Melayu Bugis and Melayu Minang have a very close genetic relationship with Indonesian populations indicating a common ancestral history, while the Melayu Kelantan formed a distinct group on the tree indicating that they are genetically different from the other Malay sub-ethnic groups. We have detected genetic structuring among the Malay populations and this could possibly be accounted for by their different historical origins. Our results provide information of the genetic differentiation between these populations and a valuable insight into the origins of the Malay sub-ethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia

Expression analysis of <i>AtHsfA2</i> and <i>TaHsfA2d.</i>

<p>(A) Semi quantitative RT-PCR in two-weeks-old different <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants (WT, mutant and transgenics) under control and heat stress conditions, <i>Arabidopsis Actin</i> was used as internal control and the experiment was repeated three times. (B) Effect of high temperature stress of 42°C on PSII activity in terms of maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) in rosette leaves of two-weeks-old different <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants (WT, mutant and transgenics). Measurements were taken by PAM fluorometer at different time points during stress and after two days of recovery. The values represent mean of at least ten individual plants of each line and the experiment was repeated three times. Error bar represents standard error (** represents p value = <0.01).</p

Effect of constant heat stress on growth and development of different <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants.

<p>(A) Growth and biomass accumulation in four weeks old different <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants (WT, mutant and transgenics) grown under moderate heat stress of 30°C. The seeds were first germinated at 20°C and grown for two weeks before transferring them to high temperature conditions for another two weeks and then photographed and other data was recorded. The values under fresh weight represent mean of at least ten individual plants of each line and error bar represents standard error based on three experiments (p = <0.01) (B) Steady state PSII activity in four-weeks-old <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants in terms of ETR and effective photosynthetic efficiency (YII) under continuous moderate heat stress of 30°C. The values represent mean percent reduction of at least ten individual plants of each line and the experiment was done three times and error bar represents standard error (** represents p value = <0.01).</p