Vaksinasi dan Treatment pada Predator-Prey dengan Dua Jenis Pemangsa yang Salah Satunya Terinfeksi

Predator-prey adalah model matematika yang menggambarkan perilaku interaksi dua spesies, satu diantaranya merupakan pemangsa dan satu lainnya sebagai mangsa. Populasi pemangsa biasanya berada di level lebih atas dibandingkan level mangsa pada rantai makanan. Oleh karena itu, populasi pemangsa lebih sedikit dan rentan akan kepunahan baik karena penyakit ataupun kalah persaingan. Pada artikel ini, dikembangkan model predator-prey dengan dua jenis pemangsa dan salah satunya terinfeksi penyakit. Untuk mencegah penyebaran, diberikan tindakan vaksinasi dan pengobatan yang dirumuskan menggunakan Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP). Analisis kestabilan dilakukan secara lokal untuk menunjukkan tindakan vaksinasi dan pengobatan berpengaruh terhadap sifat kestabilan. Terakhir, simulasi dilakukan secara numerik guna melihat perilaku model dan performa vaksinasi dan treatment yang diberika

Genome of the red alga Porphyridium purpureum

The limited knowledge we have about red algal genomes comes from the highly specialized extremophiles, Cyanidiophyceae. Here, we describe the first genome sequence from a mesophilic, unicellular red alga, Porphyridium purpureum. The 8,355 predicted genes in P. purpureum, hundreds of which are likely to be implicated in a history of horizontal gene transfer, reside in a genome of 19.7 Mbp with 235 spliceosomal introns. Analysis of light-harvesting complex proteins reveals a nuclear-encoded phycobiliprotein in the alga. We uncover a complex set of carbohydrate-active enzymes, identify the genes required for the methylerythritol phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, and find evidence of sexual reproduction. Analysis of the compact, function-rich genome of P. purpureum suggests that ancestral lineages of red algae acted as mediators of horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes and photosynthetic eukaryotes, thereby significantly enriching genomes across the tree of photosynthetic life

De Novo Transcriptomic Analysis of an Oleaginous Microalga: Pathway Description and Gene Discovery for Production of Next-Generation Biofuels

Background: Eustigmatos cf. polyphem is a yellow-green unicellular soil microalga belonging to the eustimatophyte with high biomass and considerable production of triacylglycerols (TAGs) for biofuels, which is thus referred to as an oleaginous microalga. The paucity of microalgae genome sequences, however, limits development of gene-based biofuel feedstock optimization studies. Here we describe the sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly for a non-model microalgae species, E. cf. polyphem, and identify pathways and genes of importance related to biofuel production. Results: We performed the de novo assembly of E. cf. polyphem transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. In a single run, we produced 29,199,432 sequencing reads corresponding to 2.33 Gb total nucleotides. These reads were assembled into 75,632 unigenes with a mean size of 503 bp and an N50 of 663 bp, ranging from 100 bp to.3,000 bp. Assembled unigenes were subjected to BLAST similarity searches and annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology identifiers. These analyses identified the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acids, TAG and carotenoids biosynthesis and catabolism pathways in E. cf. polyphem. Conclusions: Our data provides the construction of metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and catabolism of carbohydrate, fatty acids, TAG and carotenoids in E. cf. polyphem and provides a foundation for the molecular genetics and functional genomics required to direct metabolic engineering efforts that seek to enhance the quantity and character o

Dampak Pendekatan Saintifik terhadap Sikap Spiritual Siswa dalam Pembelajaran PAI di SMA di Sidoarjo

This study aims to describe the impact of a scientific approach on students' spiritual attitudes. Through the constructivism paradigm combined with a phenomenological approach, this study involved 19 students. In-depth interviews are used as the main data collection technique while observation and documentation as secondary techniques as well as data validation. The analysis phase is carried out with four stages namely description of the phenomenon, horizonalization, cluster of meaning, essence description. This study reveals that a scientific approach can provide three impacts on students' spiritual attitudes, namely the impact on cognitive, affective, and psychomotor spiritual attitudes. Spiritual attitudes found in the research act as driving forces for human behavior. The findings of this study develop the interaction of character components. The components of a spiritual attitude are interactions not determinants. This means that the components of spiritual attitude only correlate with each other and these components will not be able to validly predict behavior