Estimation of the activity of lead in the binary Pb-Sb and Pb-Bi systems

The activity of lead in its alloys with bismuth and antimony is estimated by the least squares method and interval analysis. The interval method of processing the experimental results is shown to calculate the reliable ranges of the estimated parameters in the dependences of thermodynamic functions and the actual level of the total measurement errors. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Активность свинца в его сплаве с сурьмой и висмутом

The present work is devoted to the study of lead thermodynamic activity in the Pb-Sb-Bi alloys. The method for EMF measurements of the concentration cell: (–)Pb|KCl-PbCl2¦¦KCl-PbCl2|Pb-(Sb-Bi)(+) was used. The obtained concentration dependences of the galvanic cell EMF are described by linear equations. The lead activity in the ternary liquid-metal alloy demonstrates insignificant negative deviations from the behavior of ideal solutions.Работа посвящена изучению термодинамической активности свинца в его сплавах с сурьмой и висмутом. Для этого был использован метод измерения э.д.с. концентрационного гальванического элемента: (-)Pb|KCl-PbCl2¦¦KCl-PbCl2|Pb-(Sb-Bi)(+). Полученные концентрационные зависимости э.д.с. гальванического элемента описываются линейными уравнениями. Активность свинца в тройном жидкометаллическом сплаве имеет незначительные отрицательные отклонения от поведения идеального раствора

Stone Age Research in the Narva–Luga Klint Bay Area in 2005–2014

The Narva–Luga micro-region, situated on the border of Estonia and Russia in north-eastern Europe, has been the target of international and interdisciplinary research conducted annually between 2005 and 2014. During this time, altogether 42 new archaeological sites have been discovered, and many sites have also been excavated – in addition, a large amount of natural scientific data has been collected. All in all, over 60 Stone Age and Bronze Age sites are currently known in this micro-region. The sites date mostly between the late 6th and late 3rd millennia calBC, that is, to the cultural contexts of Narva Ware, Comb Ware, and Corded Ware. In this paper, some of the main results of the archaeological studies made during the last decade are briefly summarised

Intensive systematic surveys of palaeospits in the Narva-Luga klint bay area: Analysis of methodology and results

Non peer reviewe

Electrolytic refining of lead in molten chloride electrolytes

Three types of antimony and bismuth electrolytic cells to be used for lead electrorefining were developed and tested. The electrolytic cell with the bipolar metallic electrode, the electrolytic cell with two anodes and one cathode, and the electrolytic cell with the porous diaphragm were studied. The tests demonstrated that lead is effectively separated from the metallic impurities in all constructions. Grade lead may be obtained at the cathode, and lead-antimony and lead-bismuth alloys may be produced at the anode. The electrolytic cell with a porous diaphragm was found to double the production rate and greatly decrease the electrical potential of the cell as compared to the other two constructions. © IJTech 2017

Anode Processes on Pt and Ceramic Anodes in Chloride and Oxide-Chloride Melts

Platinum anodes are widely used for metal oxides reduction in LiCl–Li2O, however high-cost and low-corrosion resistance hinder their implementation. NiO–Li2O ceramics is an alternative corrosion resistant anode material. Anode processes on platinum and NiO–Li2O ceramics were studied in (80 mol.%)LiCl-(20mol.%)KCl and (80 mol.%)LiCl-(20 mol.%)KCl–Li2O melts by cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolysis. Experiments performed in the LiCl–KCl melt without Li2O illustrate that a Pt anode dissolution causes the Pt2+ ions formation at 3.14 V and 550°С and at 3.04 V and 650оС. A two-stage Pt oxidation was observed in the melts with the Li2O at 2.40 ÷ 2.43 V, which resulted in the Li2PtO3 formation. Oxygen current efficiency of the Pt anode at 2.8 V and 650°С reached about 96%. The anode process on the NiO–Li2O electrode in the LiCl–KCl melt without Li2O proceeds at the potentials more positive than 3.1 V and results in the electrochemical decomposition of ceramic electrode to NiO and O2. Oxygen current efficiency on NiO–Li2O is close to 100%. The NiO–Li2O ceramic anode demonstrated good electrochemical characteristics during the galvanostatic electrolysis at 0.25 A/cm2 for 35 h and may be successfully used for pyrochemical treating of spent nuclear fuel. © 2021 Korean Nuclear Society.The present research was partially performed within the Proryv (Breakthrough) project of State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom

Interaction between UN and CdCl2 in Molten LiCl–KCl Eutectic. II. Experiment at 1023 K

The interaction between UN and CdCl2 in the LiCl–KCl molten eutectic was studied at 1023 K. The chlorination was monitored by sampling and recording the redox potential of the medium. At 1023 K the chlorination of UN with cadmium chloride in the molten LiCl–KCl eutectic proceeds completely and results in the formation of uranium chlorides. The melts of the LiCl–KCl–UCl3 or LiCl–KCl–UCl4 compositions can be obtained by the end of experiment depending on the presence of metallic cadmium in the reaction zone. The higher the concentration of the chlorinating agent, the faster the reaction rate. At [CdCl2]/[UN] = 1.65 (10% excess) the reaction proceeds to completion in about 7.5 h. At [CdCl2]/[UN] = 7 the complete chlorination takes 2.5–3 h. © 2021.The authors gratefully acknowledge for analytical support of the Shared Access Centre "Composition of Compounds" of the Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The present research was partially performed within the Proryv (Breakthrough) project of State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom

Screening-diagnostics of bronchial asthma in children at the pre-hospital stage

This article made a study of the practical significance of the survey as a method for the early detection of risk factors for the development of bronchial asthma in children with bronchial obstasctive syndrome.В настоящей статье произведено исследование практической значимости анкетирования как способа раннего выявления факторов риска развития бронхиальной астмы у детей с бронхобстуктивным синдромом

Research and Development of the pyrochemical processing for the mixed nitride uranium-plutonium fuel

A mixed nitride U-Pu SNF pyrochemical reprocessing technology was suggested. It includes the following basic operations: dissolution of key components using the CdCl2 or PbCl2 oxidizer in chloride melt and their subsequent deposition as oxides. The obtained product, which is a mixture of actinides and rare-earth metals, may be additionally purified using hydrometallurgical processes (combined technology) or using pyrochemical methods. The mixture of actinides oxides is reduced to metal ("metallization"), additionally purified from fission products during electrorefining and then Am and Cm are separated using the potentiostatic electrolysis in order to obtain products that may be used for pure fuel fabrication. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved