Quality, Thermal Behavior and Fatty Acid Compositon of Lipid Extracted from Sardine and Tuna Wastes

Fish lipid contains long-chain n-3 (Omega-3) PUFA, particularly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6). Consumption of these PUFAs has been perceived to be important in human nutrition, health, and disease prevention. In this context, there is significant demand for fish lipid. Currently, fish lipid is extracted from fish muscle or liver of herring, mackerel and cod. Sardine and tuna, which are important industrial fishes, produce substantial amount of wastes. The waste of Sardinella lemuru and Euthynnus affinis consist of head, intestine and liver. Therefore the target of the study was to extract the n-3 essential fatty acid rich lipid from the waste with modified Kinsella extraction method by using chloroform-methanol (toxic solvent) and hexane-acetone extraction method by using hexane-acetone (less toxic solvent) and establish the physico-chemical properties of the lipid with a view to use as nutritional supplement or other prospective applications. The yield of extraction, free fatty acid content (FFA), peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV) and lipid composition (neutral and polar lipid) of the extracted lipid from these two fish species wastes (head, intestine and liver) were determined. Thermal behavior (cooling and melting points) and fatty acid composition of the respected lipid were also evaluated. The yield of lipid extraction of S. lemuru liver showed the highest value than head and intestine in both extraction methods. E. affinis head lipid yield indicated significant difference (P < 0.05) with other lipids abstracted from intestine and liver in both extraction methods. Among different lipid sources (head, intestine and liver), the free fatty acid, peroxide value and anisidine value significantly increased (P < 0.05) from head to liver. This increase was observed in all lipid samples extracted by hexane-acetone. The saponification value of the waste lipid samples were in the range of 108 – 197 but significant increases were observed in waste lipid extracted by hexane-acetone. The highest iodine value was found in head lipid in both fish species with significant changes (P < 0.05) with other waste lipid samples in both extraction methods. Higher polarity of solvent used for lipid extraction (chloroform-methanol) increased the extracted polar lipid in fish waste lipid than lower polarity solvents (hexane-acetone). Fifteen fatty acids (FA) were determined from all waste samples except sardine intestine. The major fatty acid were: palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6) acids. The fish waste lipids showed similar fatty acid composition but the proportion of the fatty acids differ. Among different lipid sources, highest concentration of PUFA especially n-3 fatty acids were detected in head lipid samples. The concentration of respective PUFA was in lower content in lipid extracted by hexane-acetone. The n6 / n3 fatty acid ratio of the respective head, liver and intestine lipid samples showed values lower than 1. Differential scanning calorimetery results for fish waste lipid samples indicated that higher unsaturation in lipid sample showed lower cooling and melting temperature

A Certain Class of Character Module Homomorphisms on Normed Algebras

For two normed algebras $A$ and $B$ with the character space   $bigtriangleup(B)neq emptyset$  and a left $B-$module $X,$  a certain class of bounded linear maps from $A$ into $X$ is introduced. We set $CMH_B(A, X)$  as the set of all non-zero $B-$character module homomorphisms from $A$ into $X$. In the case where $bigtriangleup(B)=lbrace varphirbrace$ then $CMH_B(A, X)bigcup lbrace 0rbrace$ is a closed subspace of $L(A, X)$  of all bounded linear operators from $A$ into $X$.   We  define an  equivalence  relation on  $CMH_B(A, X)$ and use it  to show that  $CMH_B(A, X)bigcuplbrace 0rbrace$ is  a union of closed subspaces of $L(A, X)$.  Also some basic results and some hereditary properties are presented. Finally some relations between $varphi-$amenable Banach algebras and character module homomorphisms are examined

Fatty acid profile of the oil extracted from fish waste (head, intestine and liver) (Sardinella lemuru)

Fish lipid contains long-chain n-3 (omega-3) PUFA, particularly EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C22:6 n-3). Consumptions of these PUFAs have been perceived to be important in human nutrition, health and disease prevention. World fish lipid request continue to increase. Fish lipid that contributes to the nutritional needs is currently being extracted from liver or muscle of cod, herring, mackerel and sardine. Sardine, the important industrial fish, discharged considerable amount of wastes. These wastes include the head, liver and intestine. Substantial amount of lipid can be extracted from these wastes. All the extracted oils were less than 6 % of which the highest was in liver (5.80 %). The predominant fatty acids in sardine wastes were palmitic (C16:0; 27.80- 35.56 %), stearic (C18:0; 5.90- 9.30 %), oleic (C18:1c; 15.47- 21.79 %) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6; 11.87- 15.95 %). The n3 / n6 ratio of the respective head, liver and intestine lipid samples showed the value higher than 1. Due to n-3 fatty acid compound and n-3 / n-6 ratio, lipid from sardine waste may be a valuable source for human consumption

Physicochemical characteristics of Nigella seed (Nigella sativa L.) oil as affected by different extraction methods.

The physicochemical properties of crude Nigella seed (Nigella sativa L.) oil which was extracted using Soxhlet, Modified Bligh-Dyer and Hexane extraction methods were determined. The effect of different extraction methods which includes different parameters, such as temperature, time and solvent on the extraction yield and the physicochemical properties were investigated. The experimental results showed that temperature, different solvents and extraction time had the most significant effect on the yield of the Nigella oil extracts. The fatty acid (FA) compositions of Nigella seed oil were further analyzed by gas chromatography to compare the extraction methods. The C16:0, C18:1 and C18:2 have been identified to be the dominant fatty acids in the Nigella seed oils. However, the main triacylglycerol (TAG) was LLL followed by OLL and PLL. The FA and TAG content showed that the composition of the Nigella seed oil extracted by different methods was mostly similar, whereas relative concentration of the identified compounds were apparently different according to the extraction methods. The melting and crystallization temperatures of the oil extracted by Soxhlet were -2.54 and -55.76 °C, respectively. The general characteristics of the Nigella seed oil obtained by different extraction methods were further compared. Where the Soxhlet extraction method was considered to be the optimum process for extracting Nigella seed oil with a higher quality with respect to the other two processes

Diagnostic accuracy of frozen section in Central nervous system lesions, a 10-year study.

How to Cite This Article: Khoddami M, Akbarzadeh A, Mordai A, Bidari Zerehpoush F, Alipour H, Samadzadeh S, Alipour B.Diagnostic Accuracy of Frozen Section of Central Nervous System Lesions: A 10-Year Study. Iran J Child Neurol. 2015 Winter;9(1):25-30. AbstractObjectiveDefinitive diagnosis of the central nervous system (CNS) lesions is unknown prior to histopathological examination. To determine the method and the endpoint for surgery, intraoperative evaluation of the lesion helps the surgeon.In this study, the diagnostic accuracy and pitfalls of using frozen section (FS) ofCNS lesions is determined.Materials &amp; MethodsIn this retrospective study, we analyzed the results of FS and permanent diagnoses of all CNS lesions by reviewing reports from 3 general hospitals between March 2001 and March 2011.Results273 cases were reviewed and patients with an age range from 3 to 77 years of age were considered. 166 (60.4%) had complete concordance between FS and permanent section diagnosis, 83 (30.2%) had partial concordance, and 24 cases (9.5%) were discordant. Considering the concordant and partially concordant cases, the accuracy rate was 99.5%, sensitivity was 91.4%, specificity was 99.7%, and positive and negative predictive values were 88.4% and 99.8%, respectively.ConclusionOur results show high sensitivity and specificity of FS diagnosis in the evaluation of CNS lesions. A Kappa agreement score of 0.88 shows high concordance for FS results with permanent section. Pathologist’s misinterpretation, small biopsy samples (not representative of the entire tumor), suboptimal slides, and inadequate information about tumor location and radiologic findings appear to be the major causes for these discrepancies indicated from our study. ReferencesTaxy JB, Anthony G. Biopsy interpretation: the frozen section. 1st ed. China: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2010. P.301-3.Somerset HL, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Approach to the intraoperative consultation for neurosurgical specimens. Adv Anat Pathol 2011; 18:446-9. doi: 10.1097/ PAP.0b013e3182169934.Regragui A, Amarti Riffi A, Maher M, El Khamlichi A, Saidi A. Accuracy of Intraoperative diagnosis in central nervous system tumors: report of 1315 cases. Neurochirurgie 2003; 49(2-3 Pt 1):67-72.Plesec TP, Prayson RA. Frozen section discrepancy in the evaluation of central nervous system tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131:1532-40.Savargaonkar P, Farmer PM. Utility of intra-operative consultations for the diagnosis of central nervous system lesions. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2001; 31:133-9.Talan-Hraniloviæ J, Vuèiæ M, Ulamec M, Belicza M. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in of the central nervous system and pituitary gland pathology. Acta Clin Croat 2005; 44:217-21.Roessler K, Dietrich W, Kitz K. High diagnostic accuracy of cytologic smears of central nervous system tumors. A 15-year experience based on 4,172 patients. Acta Cytol 2002; 46:667-74.Ud Din N, Memon A, Idress R, Ahmad Z, Hasan S. Central Nervous System Lesions: Correlation of  Intraoperative and Final Diagnoses, Six Year Experience at a Referral Centre in a Developing Country, Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011; 12:1435-7.Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Tumors of the Central Nervous System. In: AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology Series 4. Washington DC: American Registry of Pathology; 2007.Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, et al. The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Acta Neuropathol. 2007; 114: 97–109. doi: 10.1007/s00401- 007-0243-

Thermal and physicochemical properties of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) surimi gel as affected by microbial transglutaminase

Thermal and physicochemical properties of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) surimi gel incorporated with different levels of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) were investigated. Surimi samples mixed with various concentrations of MTGase were subjected to two-stages heating (at 45 C followed by 90 C) to prepare surimi gel. Samples formulated with 0.30 MTGase (units/g surimi) showed the highest breaking force and deformation, and lowest expressible water content among treatments. Highest storage modulus was found in the gels mixed with 0.30 MTGase (units/g surimi). Compared with control surimi gel, addition of microbial transglutaminase to levels 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 (units/g surimi) increased the enthalpy and maximum transition temperature of myosin. Results suggest that up to 0.30 MTGase (units/g surimi) could improve texture, colour, water-holding capacity, elasticity and thermal stability of red tilapia surimi gel

Common Aeroallergens in Patients with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Living in Southwestern Part of Iran: Based on Skin Prick Test Reactivity

Aeroallergens continue to have a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases and have recently received increased attention in medical research throughout the world. The prevalence of aeroallergens vary in different regions, depending on the type of climate. The aim of the present study was to determine prevalence of the sensitivity to aeroallergens among patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), based on skin prick test (SPT) reactivity in the province of Bushehr, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 743 patients were enrolled. The participants had asthma and AR and reacted to at least one allergen with SPT. Skin prick test with standard extracts including house dust mites (HDMs), animal dander, molds and pollens were performed on patients according to the herbal geography of the area. The male to female ratio and mean age of the patients were 1.03 and 27.6± 15.4 year, respectively. Out of 567 patients with AR, the common aeroallergens were HDMs (88.5%), molds (82.9%), animal dander (79.5%), weeds (77.6%), trees (75.5%) and grass pollen (71.5%). Moreover, among 176 patients with asthma, the prevalence of aeroallergens were HDMs (90.5 %), molds (80.7%), animal dander (77.5%), weeds (73.3%), trees (73.3%) and grass pollen (67.9%). The sensitivity to animal dander, Chenopodium album and Russian thistle pollens were significantly associated with the severity of AR. Moreover, sensitivity to animal dander such as cat and feather of birds, cockroach, Bermuda grass and Chenopodium album pollens were significantly associated with the severity of asthma. The results of this study revealed that HDM was the most common sensitizing aeroallergen in patients with asthma and AR. Molds and animal dander as indoor allergens were also common aeroallergens. We suggest that the hot weather and ambient humidity in the region may be the main cause of the change in the pattern of SPT reactivity

Component Analysis of the Illegal Handmade Pills and Capsules for Self-Medicating Substance Dependence in Tehran, Iran

Background: To self-medicate substance dependence, many substance users consume herbal medicines delivered in herbal medicine shops which are prepared through non-standard methods using a variety of different materials. Hence, the present study was carried out aiming to investigate and analyze the content of such herbal medicines.Methods: Four herbal medicine shops were selected from each of the 22 zones of Tehran City, Iran, and a total of 95 samples were purchased. A package containing 6 types of medication that was advertised by a satellite TV channel, was also purchased. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, the samples were analyzed in the laboratory to detect different types of materials.Findings: Among the samples, 23 and 72 samples were uncovered compressed pills (Dragon pills) and capsules filled with colored powders (handmade drug-quitting capsules), respectively. The package advertised in the satellite TV was prepared in 6 various forms. The most common substances present in all the samples were as follows: diphenoxylate, tramadol, opioids, acetaminophen, and codeine with values of 90%, 86%, 78%, 69%, and 68%, respectively. On average, 5 of the above mentioned substances were present in each sample; moreover, 63% of the samples contained 5 or more substances. In addition, 42 (41%) of the samples contained all the 5 main substances including opioids, codeine, tramadol, diphenoxylate, and acetaminophen.Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that handmade capsules and pills used for quitting addiction and also medicines advertised in the satellite TV channels contain different amounts of opioids, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, tramadol, codeine, and other substances that cause problems for substance users who are going to abandon substance abuse

Grain Sorghum: A Conundrum for Chicken-Meat Production

The inclusion of grain sorghum in diets for broiler chickens is quite common; however, under Australian conditions, the utilisation of starch/energy by birds offered sorghum-based diets appears inadequate. Various factors inherent in sorghum, including kafirin, phenolic compounds and phytate, may limit energy utilisation. The recent quantification of kafirin, the dominant protein fraction in sorghum, has allowed its nutritional significance to be assessed. This is important as indirect evidence suggests that kafirin concentrations in local sorghums are increasing as an unintended consequence of breeding programs. Presently, Australian sorghums do not contain condensed tannin but, from analyses and assessments of other polyphenolic compounds and phenolic acids, “non-tannin” phenols appear to be negative influences. Anecdotally, white sorghums are considered to be superior to red varieties thus the fact that polyphenolic pigments are responsible for the “redness” of sorghum assumes relevance. Inclusions of sulphite reducing agents in broiler diets have generated promising responses but seem dependent on sorghum properties. Preliminary studies have shown the possibilities of using rapid visco-analyser (RVA) starch pasting profiles, promatest protein solubilities and grain textures to indicate sorghum quality and further studies are required to confirm these hypotheses. These assessments may indicate which sorghums will best respond to reducing agents such as sodium metabisulphite. Finally, the usually modest responses of broilers to exogenous feed enzyme inclusions in sorghum-based are considered in this review