Menstrual disorders in early puberty in girls of 14-17 years old.

یـکی از وقایع مهم زندگی افراد دوران نوجوانی و بلوغ می باشد. عامل شناسایی بلوغ واقعی در دختران شروع اولین قـاعدگی می باشد. علی رغم اینکه قاعدگی در زندگی دختران یک واقعه غیر قابل انکار است، کمتر در مورد آن وعواملی که برآن تأثیر می گذارند مطلب نوشته شده است. هر دختر نوجوانی باید در مورد نشانه ها و علایم اختلالات قاعدگی که نیاز به مراقبت پزشکی دارد، اطلاعات کافی داشته باشد. اختلالات چرخه قاعـــــدگی دارای طیف وسیعی می باشند و برخی از آنها می توانند منجر به مشکلات مهمی شده و حتی جزء علل عمده ناباروری محسوب شوند. به همین دلیل لزوم بررسی دراین خصوص مطرح می باشد. نوع مطالعه، توصیفی تحلیلی می باشد که در آن تعداد 1536 نفر از دانش آموزان مدارس شهر تهران به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند و پرسشنامه که شامل مشخصات فردی و اطلاعاتی پیرامون وضعیت قاعدگی بود. توسط پژوهشگر وتعدادی پرسشگر آموزش دیده با انجام مصاحبه حضوری تکمیل شد و اطلاعات آن از طریق آمار توصیفی و استنباطی توسط نرم افزار SPSS مورد بررسی قرار گرفت . یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که فراوانی اختلالات قاعدگی ، آمنوره(7/5)، پلی منوره (6/14)، الیگــــــــومنوره (6/24)، متروراژی (7/11)، منوراژی (1/11)، هیپرمنوره(9/22)، هیپومنوره(9/12)، دیسمنوره(75) بوده است. همچنین بین BMI (Body Mass Index )، ورزش واسترس با اختلالات قاعدگی ارتباط آماری معنی دار وجود داشت. بـر اساس نتایج حاصله پیشنهاد می گردد به مسأله تغذیه ،کنترل وزن نوجوانان و کاهش عوامل استرس زا و برنامه ریزی جهت انجام ورزشهای منظم درمدارس دقت کافی مبذول شو

The relationship of marital quality and sexual satisfaction with marital status in Iranian women: a Path model

Introduction :  Marriage is the most common life event in all societies. More than 90% of people in the world get married at least once in their life; there are some factors, however, that may make a marriage unstable. This study aimed to investigate the relationship  of   marital quality   and  sexual  satisfaction  with  marital status  by  using  Path  model  in  Iranian  women   who  referred to health  centers  affiliated  to  Shahid   Beheshti  University  of  Medical  Sciences Tehran, Iran in  2015.Methods: This was cross-sectional study conducted on  400 women from January to May 2015(8 months),  who were  selected  through  multistage  sampling method. Data were collected through distinct  questionnaires  demographic  characteristics ,instability marriage , marital  quality and  Larson  sexual  satisfaction   that completed  by   interview   . Descriptive   statistics,  Pearson’s  test   were  performed by SPSS V.16 and   LISREL8.80    used  for  analysis  of  data. (P<0.05)Results: The mean age of  400  participants   was 26.74 ± 3.50 years  old, and  their   mean duration of marriage was 7.90 ± 4.30 years . Marital   quality    was the most effective predictor of marital status(P<0.001).  Sexual   satisfaction    had  direct  association with marital status through direct effect of marital quality (P<0.001). Moreover, smoking (P<0.001)  and  addiction  of  spouse (P<0.08)   had    association  with  marital status  inversely. (p< 0.05).Conclusion:  Noticed  to  sexuality  and  increase quality  marital  life  and avoidance  of high risk behaviors   will help  to  stability  marriage. Declaration of Interest: None. 

Effective Factors on Sexual Quality of Life in Iranian Women: A Path Model

Introduction: Sexual affairs are one of the physiological needs affecting human health. Sexual functioning disorders can reduce individual’s capabilities and creativities. Sexual relations are in the center of women’s quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the correlation   of  sexual  violence, stress perceived, demographic  characteristic  of  women   and  high  risk  behavior  spouse    with  sexual  quality  life of  women  by  using  Path  model  in  Iranian  women   who  referred to health  centers  affiliated  to  Shahid   Beheshti  University  of  Medical  Sciences Tehran, Iran in  2015.  Methods: This   was   sectional   descriptive-correlative  study conducted on 800 women  who were  selected  through  multistage  sampling method. Data were collected through distinct  questionnaires  demographic  characteristics ,sexual quality life of  female(SQOL-F) , sexual  violence, stress perceived   and  high risk behavior  spouse   that completed  by   interview  .Software  SPPS16   and   LISREL8.80    used  for  analysis  of  data.  Results: The   results   revealed   that   among   direct   pathways, sexual violence  (β = -0.40)  was the most effective predictor of sexual  quality  of  life  women.  The age (β=-0.03 ) had an inverse association with sexual  quality  of  life  women through direct effect of sexual violence(β=0.33). Moreover, education (β=0.03) had a direct  association  with  sexual  quality  of  life  women   through  inverse  association  0f  sexual  violence (β=-0.10). Stress perceived ( β=-0.24) and  high risk behavior spouse (β=-0.30) indirectly,  effects on  sexual  quality  of  life  women. Conclusion:   Women have the rights to experience a safe and enjoyable sexual relationship. Sexual function is very complicated and is affected by many factors, including   the  personal   lifestyle  and  interpersonal relationships. It is essential  that  noticed to sexuality and  increase quality  marital  life  but    avoidance  of  high risk  behaviors    will help  to it.Keywords: Sexual  Quality, Sexual  violence, Stress perceived , High risk behavior, Women, Ira

Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence in the general female population of 9 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa

Abstract BACKGROUND: New oral treatments with very high cure rates have the potential to revolutionize global management of hepatitis C virus (HCV), but population-based data on HCV infection are missing in many low and middle-income countries (LMIC). METHODS: Between 2004 and 2009, dried blood spots were collected from age-stratified female population samples of 9 countries: China, Mongolia, Poland, Guinea, Nepal, Pakistan, Algeria, Georgia and Iran. HCV antibodies were detected by a multiplex serology assay using bead-based technology. RESULTS: Crude HCV prevalence ranged from 17.4% in Mongolia to 0.0% in Iran. In a pooled model adjusted by age and country, in which associations with risk factors were not statistically heterogeneous across countries, the only significant determinants of HCV positivity were age (prevalence ratio for ≥45 versus \u3c35 years = 2.84, 95%CI 2.18-3.71) and parity (parous versus nulliparous = 1.73, 95%CI 1.02-2.93). Statistically significant increases in HCV positivity by age, but not parity, were seen in each of the three countries with the highest number of HCV infections: Mongolia, Pakistan, China. There were no associations with sexual partners nor HPV infection. HCV prevalence in women aged ≥45 years correlated well with recent estimates of female HCV-related liver cancer incidence, with the slight exception of Pakistan, which showed a higher HCV prevalence (5.2%) than expected. CONCLUSIONS: HCV prevalence varies enormously in women worldwide. Medical interventions/hospitalizations linked to childbirth may have represented a route of HCV transmission, but not sexual intercourse. Combining dried blood spot collection with high-throughput HCV assays can facilitate seroepidemiological studies in LMIC where data is otherwise scarc

Priority Setting for Improvement of Cervical Cancer Prevention in Iran

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Organized cervical screening and vaccination against human papilloma virus (HPV) have been successful interventions for prevention of invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Because of cultural and religious considerations, ICC has low incidence in Iran and many other Muslim countries. There is no organized cervical screening in these countries. Therefore, ICC is usually diagnosed in advanced stages with poor prognosis in these countries. We performed a priority setting exercise and suggested priorities for prevention of ICC in this setting. Methods: We invited experts and researchers to a workshop and asked them to list important suggestions for ICC prevention in Iran. After merging similar items and removing the duplicates, we asked the experts to rank the list of suggested items. We used a strategy grid and Go-zone analysis to determine final list of priorities for ICC prevention in Iran. Results: From 26 final items suggested as priorities for prevention of ICC, the most important priorities were developing national guidelines for cervical screening and quality control protocol for patient follow-up and management of precancerous lesions. In addition, we emphasized considering insurance coverage for cervical screening, public awareness, and research priorities, and establishment of a cervical screening registry. Conclusion: A comprehensive approach and implementation of organized cervical screening program is necessary for prevention of ICC in Iran and other low incidence Muslim countries. Because of high cost for vaccination and low incidence of cervical cancer, we do not recommend HPV vaccination for the time being in Iran

The impact of covid-19 pandemic on pregnancy outcome

Abstract Background The acute respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide yet has not been eliminated. The infection is especially deadly in vulnerable populations. The current studies indicate that pregnant women are at greater risk of getting seriously ill. Even though fetuses protect against disease, the additional finding showed that the COVID-19 pandemic could increase fetal and maternal morbidities. In a situation where COVID-19 and new strains of the virus are still not controlled, scientists predicted that the world might experience another pandemic. Consequently, more research about the effects of COVID-19 infection on pregnancy outcomes is needed. This study aimed to compare the pregnancy outcomes of Iranian pregnant women in the first year of the pandemic with the previous year. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study was performed to compare the pregnancy outcome during the COVID-19 pandemic among Iranian pregnant women who gave birth during the pandemic and one year before the pandemic (2019–2020 and 2020–2021). The sample size was 2,371,332 births registered at hospitals and birth centers platforms. The studied variables include stillbirth, congenital anomaly, birth weight, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean section, ICU admission, mean of the gestational age at birth, preterm births, NICU admission, neonatal mortality and the percentage of deliveries with at least one complication such as blood transfusion and postpartum ICU admission. Analyzing data was done by using SPSS version 25 software. Results We found statistical differences between pregnancy and birth outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to one year before. The risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean section, preterm birth and NICU admission were clinically significant. Also, there was a significant decrease in mean gestational age. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the pregnancy outcome by increasing morbidities and complications during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum. In addition, extensive quarantine outbreaks disrupted the healthcare system and hindered access to prenatal services. It is necessary to develop preventive and therapeutic care protocols for similar pandemic conditions

A Study of 13315 Papanicolau Smear Diagnoses in Shohada Hospital

Objective: This study aimed to review Papanicolaou (Pap) smears in patients of Shohada hospital in Tehran. Materials and methods:  A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out and a database search of all Pap smear reports from 1995 to 2005 at cytopathology department was reviewed. The abnormal Pap smear reports based on the Bethesda System were assessed. Results: A total of 13315 Pap smear reports were reviewed from patients aging 20 to 79 years old. Totally 6065 (45.55%) cases had diagnosis of ‘negative', 293(2.21%) smears were labeled as ‘inadequate', and 6799 (51.06%) reports had ‘Benign cellular changes'. There were 158(1.18%) abnormal Pap smears consisting of 84 (53.18%) SIL with undetermined grade (ASC-US), 28(17.73%) low grade SIL (LSIL), 17(10.75%) high grade SIL (HSIL), 27(17.08%) carcinoma and 2(1.26%) atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS). Overall incidence of the cervical cancer among these samples was 0.2%. Benign cellular changes numbered 6799(51.06%), of which 5365 (78.9%) smears demonstrated infectious processes. Conclusion: The number of abnormal pap smears in this study is less than western countries, but is comparable with Middle East and Islamic regions. More prospective studies are recommended

Comparison of Calendit -E Cream Versus Expressed Breast Milk

AbstractBackground and aim:  It is estimated that 80-90 % of breastfeeding women experience some nipple injury and soreness, with 26% progressing to cracking and extreme nipple pain that could lead to breastfeed failure. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Calendit –E cream and expressed of breast milk in the treatment of nipple crack.Materials and methods:  This study is a single blind randomized clinical trial. 82 breastfeeding women with age older than 18, who suffered from nipple crack were included in the study . After explaining methods of the study and obtaining written consent, the samples randomly assigned into two groups: Calendit -E cream and expressed breast milk and they were treated for one week. The correct method of breastfeeding and using of cream or mother’s milk were instructed to both groups. The nipple crack scores were measured and recorded by the researcher before treatment and third and seventh days of the study. A questionnaire was used for collecting demographic data, the severity of crack was measured by observing the nipple using Storr score check list , and evaluation form of breastfeeding. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and t-test, paired t-test, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon and repeated measurement tests.Finding:  The statistical tests showed the severity of crack between the two groups, before the study was highly homogeneous the severity of cracks reduced on the third day with no significant difference between two groups (P = 0.2). But in the seventh day this decrease was more significant in the Calendit-E group (p = 0.006).Conclusion:  Calendit -E cream is more effective than expressed breast milk on the nipple crack’s treatment.Key Words: Calendit-E cream, Expressed breast milk, Nipple crack, Breastfeeding mothe

A situation analysis on postmenopausal women’s self-care needs and priorities in Tehran: a population-based study

Abstract Background Women need special care during and after menopause. Due to the emphasis of the World Health Organization on promoting self-care in postmenopausal women, this study aims to analyze the situation and prioritize the self-care needs of postmenopausal women in the Tehran-Iran. Methods This was a descriptive-analytical study on 486 postmenopausal women aged 46–85 years living in Tehran in 2021. The Subjects were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected using a socio-demographic and a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess postmenopausal women’s self-care status with four domains including physical health, psychosocial health, reproductive-sexual health, and screening tests. The data were analyzed by SPSS-24. Results The mean age of the participants was 62.58 ± 7.75 years. The mean score of self-care was 44.63 ± 21.64% in the postmenopausal women. The lowest score and highest scores were related to psychosocial health (25.12 ± 28.21%) and periodic tests (50.62 ± 24.40%) respectively. There were significant positive correlations between self-care with women’s education level (r = 0.277; p < 0.001), husband’s education level (r = 0.258; p < 0.001), as well as monthly income (r = 0.153; p = 0.001). There was a negative correlation between self-care with the number of children (r = − 0.215; p < 0.001). The level of self-care was higher in employed women (p = 0.001) and also, in women whose husbands were employed (p = 0.012). Multiple linear regression test showed the level of education of the husband (B = 2.72, p = 0.038) and the family size (B = -1.54, p = 0.023) are predictors of the self-care of postmenopausal women. Conclusion The findings showed more than 55% of challenges in the self-care behaviors of postmenopausal women in Tehran. The most and least challenging self-care behaviors were related to psychosocial health and performing periodic tests. The priorities were in psychosocial health and reproductive-sexual health dimensions. Self-care promotion is necessary, especially in postmenopausal women, who need special care due to various physical, psychological, and social changes