Solar Cell Parameters Extraction from a Current- Voltage Characteristic Using Genetic Algorithm

The determination of solar cell parameters is very important for the evaluation of the cell performance as well as to extract maximum possible output power from the cell. In this paper, we propose a computational based binary-coded genetic algorithm (GA) to extract the parameters (I0, Iph and n) for a single diode model of solar cell from its current-voltage (I-V) characteristic. The algorithm was implemented using LabVIEW as a programming tool and validated by applying it to the I-V curve synthesized from the literature using reported values. The values of parameters obtained by GA are in good agreement with those of the reported values for silicon and plastic solar cells. change to “After the validation of the program, it was used to extract parameters for an experimental I-V characteristic of 4 × 4 cm2 polycrystalline silicon solar cell measured under 900 W/m. The I-V characteristic obtained using GA shows excellent match with the experimental one. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3100

The Great Epizootic of 1872–73: Networks of Animal Disease in North American Urban Environments

This article examines the outbreak of an unknown illness (later thought to be equine influenza) among the horses of Toronto and its subsequent spread as a continent-wide panzootic. Known as the Great Epizootic, the illness infected horses in nearly every major urban center in Canada and the United States over a 50-week period beginning in late September 1872. The Great Epizootic not only illustrated the centrality of horses to the functioning of nineteenth-century North American cities, but it also demonstrated that these cities generated ecological conditions and a networked disease pool capable of supporting the rapid spread of animal disease on a continental scale in localities from widely divergent geographies. This article invites environmental historians to broaden their view of cities to consider the ways in which networked urbanization produced forms of historical biotic homogenization that could result in the rapid and widespread outbreak of disease

Effects of Annealing on Structural Properties of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) Material

Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide compound was synthesized from its elemetal precursurs using simple solid state method. Being quarternary material, there is a large probability of formation of secondary phases like SnS, ZnS, CuS during the material growth process and it requires a detail investigation on the effects of synthesis parameters on the composition and structural properties of the CZTS compound. Here we report the study of effects of annealing on the synthesized compound. The annealing was performed at two different temperatures in the presence of Sulphur. The structural and compositional properties of the as-grown and annealed samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX). The formation of Kesterite CZTS phase was confirmed by Raman Spectroscopy. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3102

Substrate Temperature Effect On Structural Properties Of Bi2Te3 Thin Films

Structural properties of Bi2Te3 thin films, thermally evaporated on well-cleaned glass substrate at different substrate temperature, are reported here. X-ray diffraction was carried out for the structural characterization. XRD pattern of the films exhibits preferential orientation along the [0 1 5] direction for the films of all the substrate temperature together with other supported planes [2 0 5] & [1 1 0]. All deposition conditions like thickness, deposition rate and pressure were maintained throughout the experiment. X-ray diffraction lines confirm that, the grown films are polycrystalline in nature with the hexagonal crystal structure. The effect of substrate temperature on these parameters have been investigated and reported in this paper. Various structural parameters such as lattice constants, grain size, micro strain, number of crystallites, stacking fault and dislocation density were calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/939

The optimization of optical thin films deposition using in-situ reflectivity measurements and simulation

We have optimized and automated the experimental in-situ reflectivity measurement system for the laser diode (LD) facet coating. We have also developed a reflectivitysimulator program that gives the reflectivity data as a function of the thickness of the film (single or multi-layer) for a given wavelength, which aids in optimizing the above parameters while monitoring the coating of the films in-situ. We report the results for the in-situ reflectivity of a single layer MgF2 and a quarter-wave optical thick three bi-layer pairs of MgF2 and silicon on GaAs as a substrate for both the cases. We have achieved up to 83 % experimental reflectivity for the latter case. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2207

Effects of Annealing on Structural Properties of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) Material

Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide compound was synthesized from its elemetal precursurs using simple solid state method. Being quarternary material, there is a large probability of formation of secondary phases like SnS, ZnS, CuS during the material growth process and it requires a detail investigation on the effects of synthesis parameters on the composition and structural properties of the CZTS compound. Here we report the study of effects of annealing on the synthesized compound. The annealing was performed at two different temperatures in the presence of Sulphur. The structural and compositional properties of the as-grown and annealed samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX). The formation of Kesterite CZTS phase was confirmed by Raman Spectroscopy. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3102