The system of the state village government of the Kazan governorate in the early 18th-the first third of the 19th centuries

© the author(s). The importance of the research is determined by the essential character and necessity of studying the system of the local government of the state village of the Kazan Governorate for a more complete realizing of the political institutions of autocratic Russia. The article is aimed at the study of the state and functioning of the local government system of the Kazan Governorate state village at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The leading method of the research is a complex approach based on the study of different kinds of sources. The research included considering social, economic and legal status of the state peasants in the structure of the rural population paying duty in the Kazan Governorate. The course of formation and the ways of evolution of this class are shown; the problems of land availability and the size of the paid duty are regarded. The structure, functions and scope of authority of the local state institutions and peasant self-government are studied, the professional and ethnic composition of the local administration is investigated, the role of senatorial inspections as an institute of the state control is shown. The effectiveness of the local government and court is analyzed, the problem of peasants' attitude to the authorities is considered; the protest of the state peasants against the feudal and administrative oppression was an essential part of this problem. The materials of the paper may be used in the preparation of the summarizing monographs on the agricultural history of the Middle Volga Region (Central Volga Region), in the teaching practice of universities in delivering lectures and practical classes, in creating special courses on the Tatarstan peasantry history and history of state institutions

Museum conference of 1926 in Kazan

The article considers the questions of the preservation and research of the historical and cultural heritage of Tatarstan on the example of the First Middle Volga regional museum conference held in September of 1926 in Kazan as well as examples of solutions to these problems in the global community. Based on a research of archival sources and publications, it is concluded that the museum conference help attracted attention authorities and society to the problems of protection of monuments, the development of museums in the regions, popularized the positive experience of the Museum of the Academic center of the People's commissariat of the Tatar Republic in the field of heritage preservation. © IDOSI Publications, 2014

Development of science in the Republic of Tatarstan

© The authors. The issue under study is urgent since there is need to give a complex analysis of the development of science in the Republic of Tatarstan and the formation of an integrated understanding of the ways and trends of its development in this large region of Russia. The purpose of the article is to explore the basic components of science policy in the Republic of Tatarstan and to study the structure of the regional scientific capacity in its organizational and personnel aspects. The leading method of the research was a comprehensive approach based on the study of different types of sources. The study analyzed the factors driving the process of regionalization of science and the stages of formation of regional science policy. The formation of mechanism of regional coordination of science and the systems managing a complex of scientific institutions in the Republic of Tatarstan have been studied. The findings of the research may be used in doing general research on the history of science in the Republic of Tatarstan and Russia as a whole, developing special academic courses and teaching aids, and may also be of interest to academics, graduate students, students and professionals interested in science and economic development of the region

Features of men and women when translating literary works from English into Tatar

In the last decades the new directions of researches, examined through the prism of anthropocentrism, develop intensively in linguistics. This is due to a large increase in the significance of individual characteristics in the study of the linguistic identity of a person, the most important of which is sex. Gender studies involve a variety of sciences - social, economic, linguistics and translation studies. In Tatar linguistics the gender aspect of the translation is a little-studied area. The underestimation of the gender component in translation can lead to pragmatic errors, which are considered the most important in fiction. The purpose of this study is to identify the gender specificity of the language and influence of gender on the translation result. It’s based on a comparative analysis of the original text and translation of the excerpts (presented by the authors).In general, the translation of excerpts from S. Maugham’s novel "The Moon and Sixpence" into Tatar, taking into account the gender perspective and using various transformations of translation, will contribute to the development of gender aspects of translation as one of the important directions of gender linguistics and this will contribute to the further study of this problem in the translation theory.peer-reviewe

History of the volga region tatars' conversion to christianity in xviii -xix centuries

© Serials Publications.The relevance of the problem under study is based on the fact that, although the history of the Tatars' Christianization is described in more than ten scientific, historical and publicistic works, it hasn't still been scientifically interpreted. In addition, in recent years the appearance of an independent nation of the Kryashens has been discussed, which keeps the problem relevant up to date. The purpose of this article is to examine the features of the Christianization which was forcible baptizing of the Muslim Tatars in the Middle Volga region beginning with the reign of Peter the Great and to the end of the 19th century, the time of Ilminskiy's research work. The leading approach to the study of this problem is a system approach. This work widely uses the method of unity of the historical and logical study of processes in the past. In this article we have examined the background and the main stages of Christianization and found that if in the 16th century the Christianization of the Tatars was carried out using economic methods, in the 18th century the Christianization of the Tatars had the form of forcible baptism and was large - scale. The article also studies the problem of an attempt to individualize an independent nation of the Kryashens. Based on the analysis of historical sources, the authors have come to the conclusion that this problem has no scientific basis, because the modern "Kryashens" are the result of forcible Christianization of a part of the Tatar population, consequently, they are an integral part of the Tatar nation

The activity of the Kazan governorate nobility self-government in the middle of the 19th - early 20th century

© the author(s). The importance of the research of the Kazan Governorate nobility self-government activity in the middle of the 19th - early 20th centuries is determined by the fact that the study of this issue gives the opportunity to define the scenarios of keeping the power in the hands of the nobility, as well as the domestic needs of the nobility who represented multifunctional institutions handling both the problems of their social class and the local administration issues. This research is supported by the system approach based upon the study of noble institutions as an integral whole, and all aspects of its activity are geared to the interests of the nobility. The article highlights the study of the Kazan Governorate noble institutions as the bodies of the social class self-government. The authors investigated the interaction with the local government, and the influence on the government policy during the petition campaign and by means of the meetings of the governorate noble society representatives. The activity of the noble institutions shows their role in the formation of the civil society. The practical value of the research is that its conceptual issues and conclusions may be used in the preparation of the summarizing and special works on the history of Russia and Tatarstan. These materials are of research and practical interest within the study of social, political and economic life of the Russian Empire and Kazan Governorate

Bilingual modality translation of American literature

This article is devoted to the category of modality in the process of bilingual translation as an important aspect of achieving its adequacy. Category of modality reveals the features and structure of the English and Russian languages, which have their own specific grammatical and lexical units for expressing modality. Modal relationships are an important part of information contained in the message. Translation cannot be considered correct if it is not reflected modality, which is presented in the original message. Analysis of the devices of expression of modality on the English and Russian languages is complicated by counterpoint of this functional semantic category.peer-reviewe

Sociolinguistics features of humor in american linguoculture

Humour is one of the most striking characteristics comprising a plurality of marking elements of cognitive-linguistic identity of native speakers of the language, forming the linguistic culture and sociolinguistics selected matrix formation and structuring of the national cognitive and speech patterns which form the "English humour", "French humour", "Italian humour", "Russian humour", etc. In this article we study the characteristics of the language of representation and perception of American humour, its linguistic and cultural features in humorous texts of American comics from the American linguistic culture. The material for research is the humorous texts and fragments of the performances of American comedians of various topics. The relevance of this study is determined by the value worldview expressed in humour, which in its turn is reflected in the American linguistic culture. The results of the study may find application in University lecture courses on stylistics of the English language and text interpretation, General linguistics, special courses on linguistics, text linguistics, and can also be useful in teaching English as a foreign language.Key words: text, research, language, speech, linguistics, speaker, linguoculture, humour, sociolinguistics

Globalization of culture and higher education by means of academic mobility

The relevance of the research problem is caused by the worldwide process of globalization that affected different aspects of the human life including culture and education. The aim of this article is to confirm the hypothesis that academic mobility may serve as a means of globalization of culture and higher education and carry in itself a certain social demand. The main approach of the research is the comparative approach, which allowed us to compare different approaches to the definitions of the concepts “culture”, “globalization”, “internationalization” and “academic mobility”. This research reveals the interconnection between culture and education. It proves that academic mobility of students may serve as a means of globalization of culture and education. The content of the article may be useful for the teachers of the Cultural Studies, Anthropology, and Education in the institutions of higher education.peer-reviewe