Spasticity: Diagnosis and Treatment

This chapter presents the technology of spasticity treatment—from diagnosis and treatment to quality control of treatment and rehabilitation. The diagnosis is based on methods of manual testing and differential diagnosis of spastic muscles, methods of quantitative assessment of spasticity on the basis of the Tardieu scale. The methodical development of the Tardieu scale with variants of its full and reduced use is presented. The basic patterns of spasticity of the upper and lower limbs are given. Schemes of management of patients with spasticity with indication of control points for application of methods of an assessment that shows efficiency of treatment and rehabilitation are presented. The methodology of spasticity treatment using botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), including ultrasonic navigation, orientation of intramuscular motor endpoint of muscles (IME), is described. IME location diagrams and ultrasound picture of muscles are presented. Scales are proposed to assess the effect of spasticity on the functions of the upper and lower limbs. In conclusion, a variant of complex treatment of spasticity and original patient models are proposed, the use of which makes it possible to calculate the cost of BoNT

Skuteczność i bezpieczeństwo leczenia toksyną botulinową typu A (abobotulinum toxin A) pacjentów ze spastycznością kończyny dolnej. Randomizowane badanie kliniczne

Cel: Wykazanie skuteczności jednorazowego wstrzyknięcia toksy­ny botulinowej typu A (abobotulinum toxin A [Dysport]) podawanej do mięśni kończyny dolnej w porównaniu z placebo u dorosłych z przewlekłym niedowładem połowiczym. Ocena długotrwałego bezpieczeństwa i skuteczności wielokrotnych wstrzyknięć. Metody: W wieloośrodkowym badaniu klinicznym prowadzonym metodą podwójnie ślepej próby, z randomizacją, kontrolą placebo i pojedynczym cyklem leczenia dorośli uczestnicy po co najmniej 6 miesiącach od udaru/uszkodzenia mózgu otrzymali pojedynczą iniekcję badanego leku (abobotulinum toxin A 1000 j., 1500 j., placebo) do mięśni kończyny dolnej. Po badaniu zasadniczym badanie przedłużono o rok w fazie otwartej, w trakcie której uczestnicy otrzymywali nie więcej niż 4 cykle leczenia (1000 j., 1500 j.) podawane w co najmniej 12-tygodniowych odstępach. Skuteczność leczenia oceniano według zmodyfikowanej skali Ashwortha (MAS, Modified Ashworth Scale) dla kompleksu mięśnia trójgłowego łydki (GSC, gastrocnemius-soleus complex; pierwszorzędowy punkt końcowy badania metodą podwójnie śle­pej próby). W badaniu określono również odpowiedź na leczenie w łącznej ocenie lekarzy (PGA, physician global assessment), a także szybkość swobodnego chodu boso. Bezpieczeństwo leczenia stanowiło pierwszorzędowy punkt końcowy badania prowadzonego metodą próby otwartej. Wyniki: Średnia zmiana (95-proc. przedział ufności) wartości MAS GSC w okresie od początku do 4. tygodnia (faza leczenia metodą podwójnie ślepej próby, n = 381) po jednokrotnym podaniu leku wyniosła: –0,5 (od –0,7 do –0,4) (placebo, n = 128), –0,6 (od –0,8 do –0,5) (toksyna botulinowa typu A 1000 j., n = 125; p = = 0,28 wobec placebo) i –0,8 (od –0,9 do –0,7) (toksyna abobotu­linowa typu A 1500 j., n = 128; p = 0,009 wobec placebo). Średnie wartości oceny PGA w 4. tygodniu były następujące: 0,7 (0,5–0,9) (placebo), 0,9 (0,7–1,1) (1000 j.; p = 0,067 wobec placebo) i 0,9 (0,7–1,1) (1500 j.; p = 0,067). Szybkość chodu nie poprawiła się statystycznie znamiennie w porównaniu z placebo. W 4. tygodniu 4. cyklu leczenia (faza otwarta) średnia zmiana oceny MAS GSC wyniosła –1,0. W cyklach badania w fazie otwartej odnotowano stopniową poprawę oceny PGA i szybkości chodu. W 4. tygodniu 4. cyklu leczenia średnia ocena PGA wyniosła 1,9, a szybkość chodu wzrosła o 25,3% (17,5–33,2), przy czym 16% uczestni­ków badania osiągnęło szybkość ponad 0,8 m/s (odpowiadającą chodowi samodzielnemu; 0% na początku badania). Tolerancja leczenia była dobra i zgodna ze znanym profilem bezpieczeństwa toksyny abobotulinowej typu A. Wnioski: Wśród pacjentów z przewlekłym niedowładem po­łowiczym jednokrotne podanie toksyny abobotulinowej typu A (Dysport, Ipsen) spowodowało obniżenie napięcia mięśniowego. Wielokrotne podanie leku w fazie rocznego przedłużenia badania zasadniczego było dobrze tolerowane oraz przyczyniło się do zwiększenia szybkości chodu i prawdopodobieństwa osiągnięcia chodu samodzielnego. Numery identyfikacyjne na portalu Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT01249404, NCT01251367. Klasyfikacja dowodu naukowego: z fazy badania prowadzonej metodą podwójnie ślepej próby uzyskano dane naukowe klasy I, na podstawie których stwierdza się, że jednokrotne wstrzyknięcie toksyny botulinowej typu A u dorosłych z przewlekłym niedowładem spastycznym zmniejsza napięcie mięśniowe w kończynie dolnej. Neurology® 2017; 89: 2245–225

Abobotulinumtoxina injections in shoulder muscles for adult upper limb spasticity: Results from a phase 4 real-world study and a phase 3 open-label trial.

Botulinum toxins, such as abobotulinumtoxinA, are used to treat spasticity (muscle overactivity) in arm muscles. Spasticity in shoulder muscles occurs in many patients following a stroke. Shoulder spasticity can be painful and limit limb movement. This paper compares the results from patients who did and those who did not receive abobotulinumtoxinA injections in shoulder muscles (among other arm muscles) in 2 studies. In both studies, the results showed that more patients receiving treatment in shoulder muscles chose pain as a key goal for treatment and had reduced pain following treatment compared with patients not treated in the shoulder. In addition, patients receiving shoulder injections showed further improvement in arm movement compared with those not receiving shoulder injections. Overall, these results suggest that abobotulinumtoxinA treatment in shoulder muscles may improve outcomes for patients with arm spasticity involving the shoulder

Corrigendum to AbobotulinumtoxinA injections in shoulder muscles to improve adult upper limb spasticity: Results from a phase 4 real-world study and a phase 3 open-label trial.

The authors have unfortunately discovered that the originally published version of this article contains errors, due to incorrect data published in this manuscript. These errors lead to minor changes of the paper, but need to be corrected. In this corrigendum, we supply the corrected data in Fig. 4 (Cycle 3, Cycle 4 and Last Cycle), updated results section and also corrected data in Table SI. [...

Spasticity in practice (SPACE): an international non-interventional study of botulinum neurotoxin type A in treatment-naïve subjects with spasticity

Aim of the study. SPACE, a prospective, non-interventional, open-label, multinational study, investigated physicians’ and subjects’ assessment of safety, efficacy, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) following botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) treatment to understand real-world clinical usage for the management of focal and multifocal spasticity.Clinical rationale for the study. Treatment guidelines recommend the use of BoNT-A for the management of spasticity in adults. This study assessed how physicians use BoNT-A therapy in real-world clinical practice, and provided evidence on long-term safety and efficacy over a period of up to 2 years.Materials and methods. BoNT treatment-naïve adults with spasticity of any aetiology received any BoNT-A formulation at their physician’s discretion, and were observed for ≤ 8 treatment cycles (≤ 2 years). Daily practice information, physician’s global assessments of tolerability and efficacy, and HRQoL were documented. Incidences of adverse drug reactions or all adverse events were documented for non-Mexican subjects and for Mexican subjects, respectively, due to protocol differences based on local regulatory requirements.Results. A total of 701 subjects were enrolled (safety population; nine countries). Physicians rated the tolerability of BoNT-A as ‘very good’ or ‘good’ for 88.2–97.4% of subjects throughout the study (subject numbers declined throughout this non-interventional study). Adverse drug reactions were reported for 16/600 (2.7%) of the non-Mexican subjects, with two considered to be ‘definitely related’ to treatment (injection-site haematoma, n = 1; botulism, n = 1). For 687 subjects, efficacy was rated ‘very good’ or ‘good’ by most physicians and subjects. Improvements in HRQoL were observed.Conclusions and clinical implications. Throughout this 2-year study, BoNT-A treatment was generally well-tolerated, effective, and associated with an improved HRQoL. This study makes a valuable contribution to the broader understanding of how physicians use BoNT-A therapy to manage spasticity in real-world clinical practice

Practical guidance for CD management involving treatment of botulinum toxin: a consensus statement

International audienceCervical dystonia is a neurological movement disorder causing abnormal posture of the head. It may be accompanied by involuntary movements which are sometimes tremulous. The condition has marked effects on patients’ self-image, and adversely affects quality of life, social relationships and employment. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the treatment of choice for CD and its efficacy and safety have been extensively studied in clinical trials. However, current guidelines do not provide enough practical information for physicians who wish to use this valuable treatment in a real-life setting. In addition, patients and physicians may have different perceptions of what successful treatment outcomes should be. Consequently, an international group of expert neurologists, experienced in BoNT treatment, met to review the literature and pool their extensive clinical experience to give practical guidance about treatment of CD with BoNT. Eight topic headings were considered: the place of BoNT within CD treatment options; patient perspectives and desires for treatment; assessment and goal setting; starting treatment with BoNT-A; follow-up sessions; management of side effects; management of non-response; switching between different BoNT products. One rapporteur took responsibility for summarising the current literature for each topic, while the consensus statements were developed by the entire expert group. These statements are presented here along with a discussion of the background information

Efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®) for the treatment of hemiparesis in adults with upper limb spasticity previously treated with botulinum toxin: sub-analysis from a Phase 3, randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA in adults with upper limb spasticity previously treated with botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A). DESIGN: A post hoc analysis from a Phase 3, prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (NCT01313299). SETTING: A total of 34 neurology or rehabilitation clinics in 9 countries. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 18-80 years with hemiparesis, ≥6 months after stroke or traumatic brain injury. This analysis focused on a subgroup of subjects with previous onabotulinumtoxinA or incobotulinumtoxinA treatment (n = 105 of 243 in the total trial population) in the affected limb. The mean age was 52 years, and 62% were male. INTERVENTION: Study subjects were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a single injection session with abobotulinumtoxinA 500 or 1000 U or with placebo in the most hypertonic muscle group among the elbow, wrist, or finger flexors (primary target muscle group [PTMG]), and ≥2 additional muscle groups from the upper limb. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Efficacy and safety measures were assessed, including muscle tone (Modified Ashworth Scale [MAS] in the PTMG), Physician Global Assessment (PGA), perceived function, spasticity, active movement, and treatment-emergent adverse events. RESULTS: At week 4, more subjects had ≥1 grade improvement in MAS for the PTMG with abobotulinumtoxinA versus placebo (abobotulinumtoxinA 500 U, 81.1%; abobotulinumtoxinA 1000 U, 75.0%; placebo, 25.0%). PGA scores ≥1 were achieved by 75.7% and 87.5% of abobotulinumtoxinA 500 and 1000 U subjects versus 41.7% with placebo. Perceived function (Disability Assessment Scale), spasticity angle (Tardieu Scale), and active movement were also improved with abobotulinumtoxinA. There were no treatment-related deaths or serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA in subjects previously treated with BoNT-A were consistent with those in the total trial population. Hence, abobotulinumtoxinA is a treatment option in these patients, and no difference in initial dosing appears to be required compared to that in individuals not treated previously. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III

Safety and efficacy of abobotulinumtoxinA for hemiparesis in adults with upper limb spasticity after stroke or traumatic brain injury: a double-blind randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Resistance from antagonistic muscle groups might be a crucial factor reducing function in chronic hemiparesis. The resistance due to spastic co-contraction might be reduced by botulinum toxin injections. We assessed the effects of abobotulinumtoxinA injection in the upper limb muscles on muscle tone, spasticity, active movement, and function. METHODS: In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we enrolled adults (aged 18-80 years) at least 6 months after stroke or brain trauma from 34 neurology or rehabilitation clinics in Europe and the USA. Eligible participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio with a computer-generated list to receive a single injection session of abobotulinumtoxinA 500 U or 1000 U or placebo into the most hypertonic muscle group among the elbow, wrist, or finger flexors (primary target muscle group [PTMG]), and into at least two additional muscle groups from the elbow, wrist, or finger flexors or shoulder extensors. Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was the change in muscle tone (Modified Ashworth Scale [MAS]) in the PTMG from baseline to 4 weeks. Secondary endpoints were Physician Global Assessment (PGA) at week 4 and change from baseline to 4 weeks in the perceived function (Disability Assessment Scale [DAS]) in the principal target of treatment, selected by the patient together with physician from four functional domains (dressing, hygiene, limb position, and pain). Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01313299. FINDINGS: 243 patients were randomly allocated to placebo (n=81), abobotulinumtoxinA 500 U (n=81), or abobotulinumtoxinA 1000 U (n=81). Mean change in MAS score from baseline at week 4 in the PTMG was -0·3 (SD 0·6) in the placebo group (n=79), -1·2 (1·0) in the abobotulinumtoxinA 500 U group (n=80; difference -0·9, 95% CI -1·2 to -0·6; p<0·0001 vs placebo), and -1·4 (1·1) in the abobotulinumtoxinA 1000 U group (n=79; -1·1, -1·4 to -0·8; p<0·0001 vs placebo). Mean PGA score at week 4 was 0·6 (SD 1·0) in the placebo group (n=78), 1·4 (1·1) in the abobotulinumtoxinA 500 U group (n=80; p=0·0003 vs placebo), and 1·8 (1·1) in the abobotulinumtoxinA 1000 U group (n=78; p<0·0001 vs placebo). Mean change from baseline at week 4 in DAS score for the principal target of treatment was -0·5 (0·7) in the placebo group (n=79), -0·7 (0·8) in the abobotulinumtoxinA 500 U group (n=80; p=0·2560 vs placebo), and -0·7 (0·7) in the abobotulinumtoxinA 1000 U group (n=78; p=0·0772 vs placebo). Three serious adverse events occurred in each group and none were treatment related; two resulted in death (from pulmonary oedema in the placebo group and a pre-existing unspecified cardiovascular disorder in the abobotulinumtoxinA 500 U group). Adverse events that were thought to be treatment related occurred in two (2%), six (7%), and seven (9%) patients in the placebo, abobotulinumtoxinA 500 U, and abobotulinumtoxinA 1000 U groups, respectively. The most common treatment-related adverse event was mild muscle weakness. All adverse events were mild or moderate. INTERPRETATION: AbobotulinumtoxinA at doses of 500 U or 1000 U injected into upper limb muscles provided tone reduction and clinical benefit in hemiparesis. Future research into the treatment of spastic paresis with botulinum toxin should use active movement and function as primary outcome measures. FUNDING: Ipsen

Efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA in spastic lower limb : Randomized trial and extension

Objective: To demonstrate single abobotulinumtoxinA injection efficacy in lower limb vs placebo for adults with chronic hemiparesis and assess long-term safety and efficacy of repeated injections. Methods: In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-cycle study followed by a 1-year open-label, multiple-cycle extension, adults ≥6 months after stroke/brain injury received one lower limb injection (abobotulinumtoxinA 1,000 U, abobotulinumtoxinA 1,500 U, placebo) followed by ≤4 open-label cycles (1,000, 1,500 U) at ≥12-week intervals. Efficacy measures included Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) in gastrocnemius–soleus complex (GSC; double-blind primary endpoint), physician global assessment (PGA), and comfortable barefoot walking speed. Safety was the open-label primary endpoint. Results: After a single injection, mean (95% confidence interval) MAS GSC changes from baseline at week 4 (double-blind, n = 381) were as follows: −0.5 (−0.7 to −0.4) (placebo, n = 128), −0.6 (−0.8 to −0.5) (abobotulinumtoxinA 1,000 U, n = 125; p = 0.28 vs placebo), and −0.8 (−0.9 to −0.7) (abobotulinumtoxinA 1,500 U, n = 128; p = 0.009 vs placebo). Mean week 4 PGA scores were as follows: 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) (placebo), 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) (1,000 U; p = 0.067 vs placebo), and 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) (1,500 U; p = 0.067); walking speed was not significantly improved vs placebo. At cycle 4, week 4 (open-label), mean MAS GSC change reached −1.0. Incremental improvements in PGA and walking speed occurred across open-label cycles; by cycle 4, week 4, mean PGA was 1.9, and walking speed increased +25.3% (17.5, 33.2), with 16% of participants walking >0.8 m/s (associated with community mobility; 0% at baseline). Tolerability was good and consistent with the known abobotulinumtoxinA safety profile. Conclusions: In chronic hemiparesis, single abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport Ipsen) administration reduced muscle tone. Repeated administration over a year was well-tolerated and improved walking speed and likelihood of achieving community ambulation