FERPA and the Immigration and Naturalization Service: A Guide for University Counsel on Federal Rules for Collecting, Maintaining and Releasing Information About Foreign Students

The devastating terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, destroyed the World Trade Center in New York City, badly damaged the Pentagon, and took the lives of thousands of individuals. As more details became available about the terrorists who hijacked four U.S. planes to carry out these deadly attacks, universities around the U.S. struggled with the news that several of the hijackers had entered the U.S. on, or had later applied for, student visas. University officials began to grapple with new questions presented by these attacks: What responsibilities do the universities have to report foreign students who never enroll? Should universities be responsible for more stringent review of foreign applicants, and would such increased scrutiny of foreign students be lawful? Finally, as FBI officials appeared on university campuses nationwide to request information about the foreign students enrolled at these schools, university attorneys sought to definitively answer this question: What obligations does a university have to provide information about foreign students to the government? This article seeks to answer the latter question by examining the complex interaction of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA), the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) regulations and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA). These laws, particularly as amended in 2001 - 2002, combine to control whether and how universities must report information about foreign students to the INS or other government agencies and how universities should respond to requests for information about foreign students. First, this article will review some basic information about the three typical types of student visas. Next, it will examine federal laws and regulations requiring universities to maintain and report specific information about students holding such visa status. Finally, it will explore how FERPA impacts these reporting requirements and requests for information about foreign students. I

Regulation of Dietary Supplements: Five Years of DSHEA

On October 25, 1994, President Clinton signed into law the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA),2 passed unanimously by both houses of Congress. This law radically changed the regulatory landscape for the sale and labeling of dietary supplements, restricting the Food and Drug Administration\u27s (FDA\u27s) authority in certain ways, and encouraging the sale of dietary supplements, including vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, and amino acids. This article examines DSHEA and discusses current FDA attempts to regulate dietary supplements. Part II provides a brief background and discusses FDA\u27s concerns and attitude toward dietary supplements before the passage of DSHEA. Part III discusses recent congressional actions that have influenced FDA\u27s ability to regulate dietary supplements: passage of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), the moratorium imposed on use of NLEA to restrict dietary supplement labels, and passage of DSHEA in 1994. Part IV describes the regulatory changes brought about by DSHEA. Part V reviews concerns stemming from the recent growth in the dietary supplement industry and from the regulatory framework currently in place. Concerns about consumer safety and the efficacy of dietary supplements are discussed, and some recent reports of contamination of dietary supplements are reviewed. Part VI chronicles FDA actions since DSHEA, and discusses how FDA is attempting to regulate dietary supplements under DSHEA. The recent Cholestin® decision is analyzed, as is the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit\u27s ruling that the First Amendment restricts FDA\u27s ability to prevent manufacturers from placing certain health claims on their supplements. Finally, part VII offers a proposal that would increase consumer knowledge of dietary supplement safety and efficacy.\u27 In the current situation, benign but useless products are shelved beside, and labeled similarly to, both useful products with real health benefits and products that can be harmful. Even the thoughtful consumer is hard-pressed to distinguish one product from another. Unfortunately, there seems little hope that Congress will change the situation, absent some catastrophic public health event

Développement d’un modèle de transferts couplés pour l’aide à la conception et à la conduite des systèmes de purification du sodium des réacteurs à neutrons rapides

Les pièges froids sont des systèmes de purification du fluide caloporteur sodium indispensables au bon fonctionnement des réacteurs à neutrons rapides. Ils permettent de contrôler la teneur en impuretés du sodium, notamment celles de l’oxygène et de l’hydrogène. Le piégeage de ces impuretés est basé sur leur cristallisation sous forme d’oxyde et d’hydrure de sodium, sur garnissage et sur parois froides. Appréhender le remplissage de ces systèmes de purification permettra d’orienter les choix technologiques en termes de conception et de conduite. L’objectif est de développer un outil d’aide à la conception et à la simulation des pièges froids. Le modèle de cristallisation intègre le couplage des différents phénomènes mis en jeu lors de la purification du sodium, à savoir l’hydrodynamique, transfert thermique et transfert de matière. ABSTRACT : Operating a Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) in reliable and safe conditions requires to master the quality of the sodium fluid coolant, regarding oxygen and hydrogen impurities contents. A cold trap is a purification unit in SFR, designed for maintaining oxygen and hydrogen contents within acceptable limits. The purification of these impurities is based on crystallization of sodium hydride on cold walls and sodium oxide or hydride on wire mesh packing. Indeed, as oxygen and hydrogen solubilities are nearly nil at temperatures close to the sodium fusion point, i.e. 97.8°C, on line sodium purification can be performed by crystallization of sodium oxide and hydride from liquid sodium flows. However, the management of cold trap performances is necessary to prevent from unforeseen maintenance operations, which could induce shut-down of the reactor. It is thus essential to understand how a cold trap fills up with impurities crystallization in order to optimize the design of this system and to overcome any problems during nominal operation. The objective is to develop a design and simulation tool for cold traps able to predict the location and the amount of the impurities deposited. Crystallization model involve phenomena coupling in a porous medium with hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer, distinguishing nucleation and growth phases for each impurity. It enables to understand how thermo hydraulic conditions and growing impurities interact on each other. This analysis will adapt operating and management conditions in order to optimize purification requirements

Développement d'un modèle de transferts couplés pour l'aide à la conception et à la conduite des systèmes de purification du sodium des réacteurs à neutrons rapides

Les pièges froids sont des systèmes de purification du fluide caloporteur sodium indispensables au bon fonctionnement des réacteurs à neutrons rapides. Ils permettent de contrôler la teneur en impuretés du sodium, notamment celles de l oxygène et de l hydrogène. Le piégeage de ces impuretés est basé sur leur cristallisation sous forme d oxyde et d hydrure de sodium, sur garnissage et sur parois froides. Appréhender le remplissage de ces systèmes de purification permettra d orienter les choix technologiques en termes de conception et de conduite. L objectif est de développer un outil d aide à la conception et à la simulation des pièges froids. Le modèle de cristallisation intègre le couplage des différents phénomènes mis en jeu lors de la purification du sodium, à savoir l hydrodynamique, transfert thermique et transfert de matière.Operating a Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) in reliable and safe conditions requires to master the quality of the sodium fluid coolant, regarding oxygen and hydrogen impurities contents. A cold trap is a purification unit in SFR, designed for maintaining oxygen and hydrogen contents within acceptable limits. The purification of these impurities is based on crystallization of sodium hydride on cold walls and sodium oxide or hydride on wire mesh packing. Indeed, as oxygen and hydrogen solubilities are nearly nil at temperatures close to the sodium fusion point, i.e. 97.8C, on line sodium purification can be performed by crystallization of sodium oxide and hydride from liquid sodium flows. However, the management of cold trap performances is necessary to prevent from unforeseen maintenance operations, which could induce shut-down of the reactor. It is thus essential to understand how a cold trap fills up with impurities crystallization in order to optimize the design of this system and to overcome any problems during nominal operation. The objective is to develop a design and simulation tool for cold traps able to predict the location and the amount of the impurities deposited. Crystallization model involve phenomena coupling in a porous medium with hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer, distinguishing nucleation and growth phases for each impurity. It enables to understand how thermo hydraulic conditions and growing impurities interact on each other. This analysis will adapt operating and management conditions in order to optimize purification requirements.TOULOUSE-INP (315552154) / SudocSudocFranceF

Variation in the use of advanced imaging at the time of breast cancer diagnosis in a statewide registry

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137761/1/cncr30674.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137761/2/cncr30674_am.pd

Options for early breast cancer follow-up in primary and secondary care : a systematic review

Background Both incidence of breast cancer and survival have increased in recent years and there is a need to review follow up strategies. This study aims to assess the evidence for benefits of follow-up in different settings for women who have had treatment for early breast cancer. Method A systematic review to identify key criteria for follow up and then address research questions. Key criteria were: 1) Risk of second breast cancer over time - incidence compared to general population. 2) Incidence and method of detection of local recurrence and second ipsi and contra-lateral breast cancer. 3) Level 1–4 evidence of the benefits of hospital or alternative setting follow-up for survival and well-being. Data sources to identify criteria were MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, PSYCHINFO, ZETOC, Health Management Information Consortium, Science Direct. For the systematic review to address research questions searches were performed using MEDLINE (2011). Studies included were population studies using cancer registry data for incidence of new cancers, cohort studies with long term follow up for recurrence and detection of new primaries and RCTs not restricted to special populations for trials of alternative follow up and lifestyle interventions. Results Women who have had breast cancer have an increased risk of a second primary breast cancer for at least 20 years compared to the general population. Mammographically detected local recurrences or those detected by women themselves gave better survival than those detected by clinical examination. Follow up in alternative settings to the specialist clinic is acceptable to women but trials are underpowered for survival. Conclusions Long term support, surveillance mammography and fast access to medical treatment at point of need may be better than hospital based surveillance limited to five years but further large, randomised controlled trials are needed

Rapid And Durable Responses With The Syk/Jak Inhibitor Cerdulatinib In A Phase 2 Study In Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma—Alone Or In Combination With Rituximab

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149541/1/hon30_2629.pd

Alternative methods of follow up in breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature

Regular clinical follow up after breast cancer is a common practice. Evidence from retrospective reviews casts doubt on the efficacy of this practice and the various guidelines for follow up show little concordance. Our aim was to investigate what alternative follow-up methods (including reduced frequency of visits) have been subjected to controlled trial and to establish what evidence exists from controlled trials to advise the guidelines. The study involved systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE, Embase, CancerLit, Web of Sciences and EBM reviews as data sources. Methods included reviewing all randomised controlled trials comparing different follow-up frequencies or comparing an alternative method with clinical follow up after breast cancer. All outcome measures addressed in the trials were analysed. Two trials compared frequency of traditional follow up. Five trials assessed alternative methods. All were of inadequate power or duration to establish ideal frequency of clinic visits or safety of alternative follow-up methods. Alternative follow up had no detrimental effect on satisfaction or outcome. Few trials have been conducted, all of which are underpowered to establish safety of reducing or replacing clinic visits. Alternative methods of follow up are acceptable to patients and may be associated with other benefits. Larger trials are required