Effect of Organic Fertilizer on the Growth of Tea ((Camellia sinensis L.)

This study was conducted at National Tea and High value crops Research Institute, Shinkiari, Mansehra during 2014- 2015. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the response of different doses of organic fertilizers to the growth of newly planted tea (Camellia sinensis L., variety, Turkish). Different doses of Hyosung applied as kg/acre were T0= Control, T1 = (400), T2 = (500), T3 = (600), T4 = (700) and T5 = (800). The data recorded during growth season during 2014 and 2015. Highest plant height (50 & 52 cm), Number of leaves per plant (39.67, 17.75) and Number of branches/plant (7.67, 6.29) were recorded in T4 respectively followed by T5 while maximum leaf area was recorded in T4 (48 cm2) during 2014 and T3 (47.87cm2) during 2015 respectively. Soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm and 21-40 cm depth and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics. It is revealed that soil was sandy loam in texture with soil pH 6.25 and 2.90% organic matter and was supportive for the good growth of tea crop. A gradual increase in the organic matter content was observed with the increase of fertilizer dose. Soil pH was slightly decreased by the application of organic fertilizer which is a good sign to increase the growth of tea crop

Technology incubators and institutional development

Globally, technology business incubator (TBI) has become a growing initiative to promote the entrepreneurship. Recently TBIs has gained significant attention from research scholars and play a vital role to facilitate the development of entrepreneurial society. The institutions are established and leadership is groomed via entrepreneurial society. Moreover, entrepreneurial culture encourages the entrepreneurial society for economic development, innovation, technology competitiveness and sustainable job creation. A government backed TBI, Plan9, is presented to highlight the significance towards developing an entrepreneurial society in a developing country context, Pakistan. Plan9 has introduced unique practices with a broad vision for a sustainable entrepreneurial growth. University industry linkages are created, entrepreneurial education and training programs for social awareness are operationalized, innovative ideas are encouraged and financial innovation without equity share and funding support are designated. This paper presents a comprehensive spotlight over the dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial culture of plan9. Furthermore plan9 is encouraging to promote entrepreneurial society, institutional development and leadership. Lastly this research recommends that the other TBIs should be initiated by the collaboration of government and private sector to nurture the entrepreneurial society

The impact of multiple organizational climates on performance of public sector organizations: Evidences from Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among multiple organizational climates and micro level performance (MLP) in public sector organization of Pakistan. The research study has examined that five types of organizational climates (participative, innovative, leadership, service and ethical) effect MLP outcomes. The primary data was collected via standard questionnaire randomly from sample size of 250 employees working at regional head office and various branches of National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA) Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. In addition standard multiple regressions model was used to test several hypotheses statistically about multiple climate, ‘MLP’ outcomes including, group level organizational citizenship behavior (GOCB), exit, and job satisfaction. The research findings have revealed that multiple climates were positively related with MLP outcomes i.e. employees’ job satisfaction and GOCB and exit

Inhibitory Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Leguminosae) is widely used in folk medicines. Glycyrrhizin, an active compound of G. glabra, possesses anti-inflammatory activity. This study investigates the G. glabra methanol extract and glycyrrhizin for the treatment of corneal neovascularization (CNV). G. glabra was extracted in 70% aqueous methanol. Phytochemical tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the analysis of chemical composition. The topical solution of G. glabra methanol extract (2% w/v) and glycyrrhizin (1% w/v) was prepared in normal saline. After corneal burn (1 N NaOH), animals were left untreated for a week so that neovascularization appears in all groups. Treatments started on day 7 and continued for next 21 consecutive days. The animals were treated with 3 drops of various topical solutions thrice a day. Digital photograph analysis and histological studies were used for the evaluation of CNV. Phytochemical analysis of the G. glabra methanol extract showed the presence of saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and proteins. TLC and HPLC confirmed the presence of glycyrrhizin. Photograph analysis of the extract and glycyrrhizin treated group showed a considerable decrease in CNV. Histological study of G. glabra and glycyrrhizin treated groups showed no blood vessels with properly arranged collagen fibers. This study showed that G. glabra and glycyrrhizin can be used for the treatment of CNV. Bioassay guided isolation can lead to preparation of ophthalmic solutions for the treatment of CNV

Metabolomic analysis of tomato seed germination

Introduction: Seed germination is inherently related to seed metabolism, which changes throughout its maturation, desiccation and germination processes. The metabolite content of a seed and its ability to germinate are determined by underlying genetic architecture and environmental effects during development. Objective: This study aimed to assess an integrative approach to explore genetics modulating seed metabolism in different developmental stages and the link between seed metabolic- and germination traits. Methods: We have utilized gas chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) metabolite profiling to characterize tomato seeds during dry and imbibed stages. We describe, for the first time in tomato, the use of a so-called generalized genetical genomics (GGG) model to study the interaction between genetics, environment and seed metabolism using 100 tomato recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum pimpinellifolium. Results: QTLs were found for over two-thirds of the metabolites within several QTL hotspots. The transition from dry to 6 h imbibed seeds was associated with programmed metabolic switches. Significant correlations varied among individual metabolites and the obtained clusters were significantly enriched for metabolites involved in specific biochemical pathways. Conclusions: Extensive genetic variation in metabolite abundance was uncovered. Numerous identified genetic regions that coordinate groups of metabolites were detected and these will contain plausible candidate genes. The combined analysis of germination phenotypes and metabolite profiles provides a strong indication for the hypothesis that metabolic composition is related to germination phenotypes and thus to seed performance.</p

Frequency distributions of non-normalized data of all measured seed and seedling phenotypes in the <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> x <i>Solanum pimpinellifolium</i> RIL population.

<p>wn: without nutrition. The parental values are indicated with a solid arrow. P = <i>S. pimpinellifolium</i> parent and M = <i>S. lycopersicum</i> parent.</p

Reduction in biomass of seedling grown under nutrient stress condition as compared to the biomass obtained under normal nutrient conditions.

1<p>Normal = Seedling grown under normal nutrients condition,</p>2<p>Wn = Seedling grown on Copenhagen table without nutrition,</p>3<p>Decr = Seedling grown on Copenhagen table without nutrition,</p>4<p>FrRt = Fresh Root weight, DrRt = Dry root weight, FrSh = Fresh shoot weight, DrSh = Dry Shoot weight,</p>5<p>FrRtwn = Fresh root weight in nutrientless condition, DrRtwn = Dry root weight under nutrientless condition, FrShwn = Fresh Shoot weight under nutrientless condition, DrShwn = Dry shoot weight in nutrientless condition.</p

Correlation among seed and seedling traits.

<p>SW = Seed weight, SS = Seed size SL = Seed length. FrRt = Fresh root weight, DrRt = Dry root weight, FrSh = Fresh shoot weight, DrSh = Dry shoot weight, FrShwn = Fresh shoot weight in nutrientless conditions, DrShwn = Dry shoot weight in nutrientless conditions, FrRtwn = Fresh root weight in nutrientless conditions, DrRtwn = Dry Root weight in nutrientless conditions, G_max = Maximum total germination in %, t₅₀ = time to complete 50% germination, U₇₅₂₅ = Uniformity of germination (time between 25 to 75% germination).</p

Interaction LOD scores for phenotypes significant at the genome-wide level (P<0.05).

<p>Two-way epistatic interactions for <i>S. lycopersicum/S. pimpinellifolium</i> RIL population across all 12 chromosomes.</p>a<p>Lod.full is the LOD score of the full model with two loci and their interaction compared to the null model with no QTL.</p>b<p>Lod.fv1 is the LOD score of the full model compared to the best single QTL model with one locus on either chromosome A or B.</p>c<p>Lod.int is the LOD score of the interaction term which is found by comparing the full model with an interaction term, to the two QTL models with no interaction term.</p