Economic and Cultural Relations Between Pakistan and the Soviet Union During Ayub Khan’s Period

This article deals with Pakistan and Soviet Union relationship from 1958 to 1969 during Ayub Khan’s regime. It highlights aspects of all events which were main obstacles among both countries relationship at that time. It also covers the following circumstances. What was the Ayub Khan’s policy in his early period and why did he give up soon and why did he make his foreign policy in the direction of Soviet Union? Firstly, from independence of Pakistan many Governments of Pakistan received many offers from Soviet Union for paid visit, but why did Ayub Khan visit Soviet Union three times in the land mark history of Pakistan? It also points out all the pacts which were made between Pakistan and Soviet Union and its role in the war of Indo-Pak 1965

HEALTH STATUS AND IMPRISONMENT PROFILE OF JAIL INMATES OF DISTRICT JAIL RAHIM YAR KHAN, PAKISTAN

Out of 850 total prisoners of district jail, Rahim Yar Khan, 100 were selected at random and examined for prevalence of HIV. Apart from HIV screening, data was collected about different diseases, narcotics use, occupations, reasons for imprisonment, ages and marital status of the prisoners through a questionnaire. None of these prisoners was suffering from HIV, the results regarding narcotics habits showed that 3% of the prisoners were used to bhang, 4% took heroin, 5% were using snuff, 34% cigarette smokers and 54% were not taking any narcotics. Nineteen percent of the prisoners suffered from various diseases like asthma, allergy, chest infection, hernia, heart problem, jaundice, lung infection, ulcer, weakness, typhoid and gastric problems whereas 81% were healthy

Interest Rate Risk Management by Financial Engineering in Pakistani Non-Financial Firms

The study aimed to investigate firm decisions of using interest rate derivatives and factors affecting this decision. Study is conducted by selecting data of 191 non-financial sector companies listed on PSX from 2010 to 2015. Logit model was employed to detect contribution magnitude of foreign sales, profitability, leverage, liquidity, price to earnings, interest coverage ratio and dividend payout towards decisions by a firm of using the interest rate derivatives. The expected users of interest rate derivatives for purpose of interest rate exposure management were the firms with high foreign sales, lesser leverage, low profits, low dividend payout ratio and low interest coverage ratio. The examination concludes that these derivatives are financial engineering tools and serve as immunization instruments for a firm from anticipated future financial risk

In silico comparison of transcript abundances during Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max resistance to Fusarium virguliforme

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean (<it>Glycine max </it>L. Merr.) is an economically important disease, caused by the semi-biotrophic fungus <it>Fusarium solani </it>f. sp. <it>glycines</it>, recently renamed <it>Fusarium virguliforme </it>(Fv). Due to the complexity and length of the soybean-Fusarium interaction, the molecular mechanisms underlying plant resistance and susceptibility to the pathogen are not fully understood. <it>F. virguliforme </it>has a very wide host range for the ability to cause root rot and a very narrow host range for the ability to cause a leaf scorch. <it>Arabidopsis thaliana </it>is a host for many types of phytopathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes. Deciphering the variations among transcript abundances (TAs) of functional orthologous genes of soybean and <it>A. thaliana </it>involved in the interaction will provide insights into plant resistance to <it>F. viguliforme</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study, we reported the analyses of microarrays measuring TA in whole plants after <it>A. thaliana </it>cv 'Columbia' was challenged with fungal pathogen <it>F. virguliforme</it>. Infection caused significant variations in TAs. The total number of increased transcripts was nearly four times more than that of decreased transcripts in abundance. A putative resistance pathway involved in responding to the pathogen infection in <it>A. thaliana </it>was identified and compared to that reported in soybean.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Microarray experiments allow the interrogation of tens of thousands of transcripts simultaneously and thus, the identification of plant pathways is likely to be involved in plant resistance to Fusarial pathogens. Dissection of the set functional orthologous genes between soybean and <it>A. thaliana </it>enabled a broad view of the functional relationships and molecular interactions among plant genes involved in <it>F. virguliforme </it>resistance.</p

Density functional theory simulation of cobalt oxide aggregation and facile synthesis of a cobalt oxide, gold and multiwalled carbon nanotube based ternary composite for a high performance supercapattery

A novel ternary composite consisting of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) grown on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and mixed with gold (Au) NPs is synthesized by a single step hydrothermal route. Initially, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were carried out to model the aggregation of Co3O4 NPs and validated further with experimental results. To circumvent this issue, MWCNTs with gold NPs were introduced, which significantly reduced the particle aggregation. Standard three electrode cell studies revealed that the Co3O4/Au@MWCNT composite possesses an excellent energy density, rate capability and very good cyclic stability compared to unsupported Co3O4 or the binary Co3O4@MWCNT. The promising electrochemical performance compared to the single Co3O4 or the binary Co3O4@MWCNT materials is assigned to the synergetic effects of MWCNTs and Au to disaggregate the Co3O4 NPs and to enhance the overall conductivity, respectively. In order to get insight into the evaluation of the performance, two electrode devices were assembled employing activated carbon as a negative electrode and the Co3O4/Au@MWCNT composite as a positive electrode material. The two electrode supercapattery device demonstrated splendid cycling stability with a retention value of 91.90% in 1 M KOH for over 3500 cycles. Additionally, it exhibited an excellent energy density of 18.80 W h kg-1 at a power density of 302.00 W kg-1. These encouraging outcomes can be associated with the distinctive morphology, outstanding conductive networks, increased electroactive sites, and emergence of strong networking of Co3O4, MWCNT and Au in the ternary composite. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Biological activity of synthesized 5-{1-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]piperidin-4- yl}-2-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives demonstrated by in silico and BSA binding studies

We synthesized a series of compounds bearing pharmacologically important 1,3,4-oxadiazole and piperidine moieties. Spectral data analysis by 1 H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and EI-MS was used to elucidate the structures of the synthesized molecules. Docking studies explained the different types of interaction of the compounds with amino acids, while bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding interactions showed their pharmacological effectiveness. Antibacterial screening of these compounds demonstrated moderate to strong activity against Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis but only weak to moderate activity against the other three bacterial strains tested. Seven compounds were the most active members as acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors. All the compounds presented displayed strong inhibitory activity against urease. Compounds 7l, 7m, 7n, 7o, 7p, 7r, 7u, 7v, 7x and 7v were highly active, with respective IC50 values of 2.14±0.003, 0.63±0.001, 2.17±0.006, 1.13±0.003, 1.21±0.005, 6.28±0.003, 2.39±0.005, 2.15±0.002, 2.26±0.003 and 2.14±0.002 µM, compared to thiourea, used as the reference standard (IC50 = 21.25±0.15 µM). These new urease inhibitors could replace existing drugs after their evaluation in comprehensive in vivo studies

Social behaviour and circadian variations in different activities of captive hog deer (Axis porcinus)

Management practices/strategies to re-modulate the wild behaviour of animal species could increase their number in natural areas. The captive herd of hog deer showed slight changes from wild behaviour due to captive stress with no alteration in wild behaviour pattern except captive stress. Adult males (6), adult females (6) and fawns (6) were selected and observed round the clock for thirty days across season after one-hour interval on each activity. All subjects in hotter part of the day spent more time in sitting and rest. While, few hours of night in sleeping, resting and rumination. Fawn spent more time in sitting, resting, and hiding compared to adults. During wandering, they also spent some time in standing. It was noticed that all hog deer in herd not slept together but few of them remain active. Only male fighting was observed and maximum was noticed in August and September during breeding season. Hog deer were mainly crepuscular in feeding with irregular short intakes, and grazing on grasses present in enclosure. This study provides guideline to rehabilitate wild hog deer for better breeding management, conservation and raising practices

Efficacy assessment of garlic extract as a natural aphid control agent on infected tomato plants

This controlled pot experiment aimed to assess the effectiveness of garlic extract as a natural aphid control agent on infected tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). The study investigated the impact of different doses of garlic extract on plant height, leaf damage, fruit production, and overall yield. The garlic extract was prepared by diluting crushed garlic bulbs with water to achieve the desired concentrations. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with four treatment groups: a control group (0%), low dose (10%), medium dose (30%), and high dose (50%) of garlic extract. The treatments were applied using a handheld sprayer, and the plants were monitored for aphid populations using visual inspection and sticky traps. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), to determine significant differences between treatments. The results revealed that higher doses of garlic extract led to increased plant height, decrease in leaf damage caused by aphids, higher fruit production, and improved overall yield. The control group exhibited the lowest values for all parameters, while treatments with garlic extract showed significant improvements. The highest yields were observed in Treatment 50%, where plants treated with the highest dose of garlic extract yielded 41.2 kg per treatment. These findings demonstrate the potential of garlic extract as an effective aphid control agent, capable of enhancing tomato crop yield and economic returns for farmers