Turning it inside out: The organization of human septin heterooligomers.

Septin family proteins are quite similar to each other both within and between eukaryotic species. Typically, multiple discrete septins co-assemble into linear heterooligomers (usually hexameric or octameric rods) with a variety of cellular functions. We know little about how incorporation of different septins confers different properties to such complexes. This issue is especially acute in human cells where 13 separate septin gene products (often produced in multiple forms arising from alternative start codons and differential splicing) are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Based on sequence alignments and phylogenetic criteria, human septins fall into four distinct groups predictive of their interactions, that is, members of the same group appear to occupy the same position within oligomeric septin protomers, which are "palindromic" (have twofold rotational symmetry about a central homodimeric pair). Many such protomers are capable of end-to-end polymerization, generating filaments. Over a decade ago, a study using X-ray crystallography and single-particle electron microscopy deduced the arrangement within recombinant heterohexamers comprising representatives of three human septin groups-SEPT2, SEPT6, and SEPT7. This model greatly influenced subsequent studies of human and other septin complexes, including how incorporating a septin from a fourth group forms heterooctamers, as first observed in budding yeast. Two recent studies, including one in this issue of Cytoskeleton, provide clear evidence that, in fact, the organization of subunits within human septin heterohexamers and heterooctamers is inverted relative to the original model. These findings are discussed here in a broader context, including possible causes for the initial confusion

Pirolisis Kulit Kayu Pinus (Pinus Mercusil) Menjadi Bio-Oil Menggunakan Katalis Ni/Lempung

Requirement for the source of energy which increasing and petroleum reserve as source of primary energy which continuing attenuate to become the main reason for the importance ofsearching for alternative energy sources instead of petroleum. Biomass specially pine bark only considered as waste that pollutes the environment, whereas the pine bark is biomass that can be processed to become alternative energy that is bio-oil. Bio-oil can be produced through pyrolisis process using catalyst Ni/clay. This research aim to study the effect of the ratio of amount of catalyst to biomass which variation to 3%, 5% and 7% b/b and also the effect of Ni metal consentrate on clay equal to 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% w /w of the yield bio-oil produced. In thisresearch, pine bark biomass as much 50 grams with size of --60+80 mesh, silinap 500 ml, and catalyst Ni/clay entered into pyrolisis reactor. Process of pyrolisis is conducted at temperature320 oC and stirring speed of 300 rpm during 120 minute with stream of nitrogen gas (N2) as inert gas. The result obtained indicate that optimum yield obtained at 2% catalyst Ni/clay asmuch as 7% of biomass that is equal to 61,03%. Physical properties test result obtained that is density (0,856 gr/ml), viscosity (9,306 cSt), acidity number (24,986 mg of NaOH/gr of sample) and flash point (54 oC). Result of chemical analysis with GC-MS, obtained the dominant chemical components in bio-oil are 2-Pentene 22,31%, Pentane 13,46%, 1-propene 7,55%, 2- Hexene 7,35 and 1-Pentene 5,95%

Community education project leadership and organizational culture: Perceptions of empowerment in an Egyptian NGO

Community education in the Arab Republic of Egypt is a model that provides education to remote, underprivileged villages and hamlets where children have no access to public education. The Community Education model is based on the philosophy of transforming individuals to reach their full potential and on instilling the seeds of empowerment and citizenship to induce societal transformation. This research aims at investigating the degree to which the leadership style and organizational culture of the Egyptian community schools demonstrates an empowering approach. Nile Valley NGO, an Egyptian Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) leading hundreds of Egyptian community schools was studied to investigate the perceptions of empowerment amongst its leadership. This in turn will have serious implications on the level of empowerment the communities managed by Nile Valley NGO are experiencing, and will serve as an indicator to the degree to which community schools are achieving their goals in transforming individuals and empowering communities and reforming Egyptian education - and not just a tool to reach literacy. This mixed-methods research utilized surveys and semi-structured interviews to capture the perceptions of empowerment in the views of a sample of 380 community schools facilitators (teachers) spanning eight Egyptian governorates and Nile Valley NGO\u27s Community Education project team and leadership. The findings demonstrate interesting leadership approaches with traits from transformational and servant leadership theoretical models. The organizational culture at Nile Valley NGO reflects the universal dichotomy between market-oriented and humanitarian orientations. The perceptions of empowerment were positive and several success stories were uncovered in spite of the many challenges faced on the national level and despite the scarcity or resources

Pembuatan Bioetanol dari Nira Aren Menggunakan Proses Fermentasi dengan Variasi Kecepatan Pengadukan dan Waktu Fermentasi

Bioethanol is a liquid sugar fermentation process results from a source of carbohydrate (starch) using microorganisms. Bioethanol is an alternative raw materials are cheap and environmentally friendly. One of the raw materials for bioethanol production is a palm juice. Aren is one of the most bioethanol feedstock and productive potential as well as a fairly high sugar content. Stirring speed is an important aspect which affects the quality of mixing in stirred tank. Fermentation time very big influence on the activity of yeast because the longer the fermentation, the more the number of increasingly active yeast or yeast to proliferate. The purpose of research to get the operating conditions for bioethanol production from palm juice on the highest level (%) with stirring speed and time variation of fermentation. Through the process of fermentation using yeast Saccharomyces cereviceae, glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Preparation starter made with yeast inoculum process Saccharomyces cereviceae at 10% of yeast fermentation medium so adaptable and ready for fermentation. Fermentation takes place in batches with a volume is 2 liters of fermentation medium, stirring speed variation 200, 250, 300 and 350 rpm and fermentation time variation of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Ethanol concentration was analyzed by using alcohol meters. The optimum fermentation process is shown in the stirring speed of 350 rpm fermentation time-72 hours with yield obtained 82,53% and ethanol concentrations obtained 7% (v / v) or 55,25 mg / ml

Clinical content tracking system: an efficient request tracking via a graphical user interface

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file.Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 28, 2008)Includes bibliographical references.Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia 2007.Dissertations, Academic -- University of Missouri--Columbia -- Computer science.We propose a new system called Clinical Content Tracking System (CCTS) that is a pre-component of a Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) system. CCTS is a tool that helps physicians build clinical contents, in an electronic format, that will be then used in the CPOE system. This system allows users to track their orders, at which stage the order stands, and the current status of the order. This system records every possible action, approval, and rejection made to any order made by the physician. Moreover, a working product can be made of a request in a relatively faster pace. CCTS, the ability of gathering, computing and analyzing data with just a few clicks is very feasible. This will facilitate gathering information and transform data in the system to statistics and hence, maximize efficiency on the managerial level. The main motivation behind this research is to develop an adaptive system that can be configured or customized to meet the needs of various health institutes

Pembelajaran Problem Solving Model Abell Dan Pizzini Pada Siswa SMK Dalam Konteks Pengaktifan Kerja Sabun Pembersih Badan

This research study titled problem solving Abell and Pizzini models in the context of activation soap body work on vocational students. This study aimed to obtain information on the feasibility study the Abell and Pizzin -type problem solving in the context of activation soap work and problem solving skills of students in solving real-life problems by applying the concepts at work activation soap. The subjects of the study consisted of 31 students of class XII at SMKN 1 in Baleendah. This study used a descriptive method. The instruments used research are Instrument Teacher Performance (ITP) I and II, worksheets of assessment instruments, test items, affective assessment and performance assessment sheets. The results obtained in this study indicate that the learning problem solving type Abell and Pizzini seen from the competence of teacher in planning and implementing learning is very well belong to the category. Viewed from the side of the students during the learning aspect which is reviewed through the problem solving ability, problem solving ability of students to identify the problem phase, design investigation phase, analyzing data phase, raise findings phase, presenting the findings phase, and evaluating phase are intermediate belong to the category. The attitude of the students during the learning, and the student's performance during the experiment are in excellent condition. Smoothing problems phase classified in low category. Stage collect data relatively high category, as a whole that the problem solving ability of students classified categories are (n-gain = 0.4). Thus the process of Abell and Pizzini problem solving type in the context of work soap body cleanser activation can be applied as learning in school to apply the material that being taught