Factores sociodemográficos y familiares asociados a las estrategias de afrontamiento de los padres de niños hospitalizados en el servicio de oncohematología del hospital Carlos Alberto Seguin Escobedo Arequipa – 2018

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal determinar los factores sociodemográficos y familiares asociados a las estrategias de afrontamiento de los padres de niños con cáncer hospitalizados. A lo largo de nuestras experiencias como trabajadoras sociales, hemos sido testigos de cómo el cáncer viene afectando a niños de manera cada vez más frecuente, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública, que compromete de manera significativa la calidad de vida de los niños que lo padecen y también origina grandes estragos físicos, emocionales, laborales, económicos y sociales en los padres de los niños y sus familia; planteando la pregunta para la investigación ¿Cuáles son los factores sociodemográficos y familiares asociados a las estrategias de afrontamiento de los padres de niños con cáncer hospitalizados? El propósito de este estudio es que a través de los resultados que se obtengan de la presente investigación, se podrá realizar promoción de estrategias de afrontamiento que contribuyan al proceso de cuidado de los niños afectados y sus padres, contribuyendo así a la mejora de su calidad de vida. El diseño de esta investigación es no experimental. Se trabajó con una muestra de 20 padres de niños con cáncer hospitalizados, durante los meses de enero a febrero del 2018, niños y niñas que estuvieron con hospitalizaciones prolongadas, ingresos, reingresos, altas frecuentes, recaídas y que vienen recibiendo tratamiento de quimioterapia, radioterapia, Los datos fueron obtenidos por medio del Cuestionario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento COPE-28 y el Cuestionario de Características Sociodemográficas y Familiares. Los resultados fueron analizados con estadística inferencial, vaciando la información en el programa estadístico SPSS versión 24.0 y versión 23.0. Se aplicó la prueba chi cuadrado para analizar la relación o influencia de variables cualitativas y en el caso de variables cuantitativas se empleó las pruebas R de Pearson o Rho de Spearman de acuerdo a la normalidad que presenten. Según nuestros resultados dados en nuestra investigación se llegó a establecer una relación significativa, donde encontramos que la edad, género y ocupación de los padres de familia son los factores sociodemográficos que se relacionan con las estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés, mientras que de los factores familiares se relacionan con el estado civil y el número de hijos de las familias, las cuales desempeñan un rol importante y significativo; esto corroboro los resultados de los antecedentes de la investigación. Se identificó también, que los factores sociodemográficos asociados a las estrategias de afrontamiento de los padres de niños con cáncer hospitalizados, se encontró que la edad se asocia con las estrategias de afrontamiento enfocado en el problema, mientras que la edad, el género y la ocupación de los padres se asocian con las estrategias de afrontamiento enfocado en la emoción; por último, fa edad y la ocupación de los padres se asocian con las estrategias de afrontamiento evitativo del estrés. Por último, se identificó también que los factores familiares asociados a las estrategias de afrontamiento de los padres de niños con cáncer hospitalizados, se encontró que el número de hijos se asocia con las estrategias de afrontamiento enfocado en el problema, mientras que el número de hijos y el estado civil de los padres se asocian con las estrategias de afrontamiento evitativo del estrés. Se sugiere que tenga en cuenta los resultados de la presente investigación, para que realicen mayores intervenciones con los padres de familia, las mismas que deben incluir estrategias educativas acerca de la enfermedad, proponemos el proyecto "Afrontando para asumir y aceptar la enfermedad de mi hijo", con el objetivo de promocionar las estrategias de afrontamiento de estrés en los padres. Se encontró, factores sociodemográficos y familiares que deberán ser tomados en cuenta para futuros estudios y se sugiere considerar el nivel de ingreso económico dentro de los factores familiares asociados a las estrategias de afrontamiento de los padres con el objetivo de identificar el nivel de ingreso y poder proponer programas y/ proyectos

Rural transportation and social inclusion challenges and opportunities: a case study in north west province – ngaka modiri molema district

Transport planning has mostly focused on urban areas, transport infrastructural developments, and funds. These have all channeled to urban areas. However, recent research and transport plans, policies, and strategies are now incorporating rural areas into building better sustainable transport systems. One such predominantly rural area in the North West Province is Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) which is one of the four districts within the province. Its capital city is Mahikeng which is also the provincial capital city of the North West Province. NMMDM is largely rural and is made up of eight (8) towns, twenty-one (21) townships, 198 villages, and 103 wards. The paper used secondary data sources of NMMDM and national transport plans, Acts, policies, and general literature. It focuses on transport modes that are mostly used within the district which include non-motorised transport (NMT), minibus taxis, and a subsidized bus system. It will further discuss the rural road infrastructural challenges as key components to measure the accessibility and social inclusion of users in the district. The paper then recommends potential solutions to improve rural transport and social inclusion, including amongst others, the need for more investments in rural road infrastructure, with walkways being prioritized as the majority of the NMMDM population use walking as their means of transport. It also recommends maintenance of existing infrastructure, as well as monitoring, and evaluation of all road networks in rural areas. The study further recommends transport stakeholders' participation maximization, to ensure inclusivity.Papers presented at the 40th International Southern African Transport Conference on 04 -08 July 202

Is the even distribution of insecticide-treated cattle essential for tsetse control? Modelling the impact of baits in heterogeneous environments

Background: Eliminating Rhodesian sleeping sickness, the zoonotic form of Human African Trypanosomiasis, can be achieved only through interventions against the vectors, species of tsetse (Glossina). The use of insecticide-treated cattle is the most cost-effective method of controlling tsetse but its impact might be compromised by the patchy distribution of livestock. A deterministic simulation model was used to analyse the effects of spatial heterogeneities in habitat and baits (insecticide-treated cattle and targets) on the distribution and abundance of tsetse. Methodology/Principal Findings: The simulated area comprised an operational block extending 32 km from an area of good habitat from which tsetse might invade. Within the operational block, habitat comprised good areas mixed with poor ones where survival probabilities and population densities were lower. In good habitat, the natural daily mortalities of adults averaged 6.14% for males and 3.07% for females; the population grew 8.46in a year following a 90% reduction in densities of adults and pupae, but expired when the population density of males was reduced to <0.1/km2; daily movement of adults averaged 249 m for males and 367 m for females. Baits were placed throughout the operational area, or patchily to simulate uneven distributions of cattle and targets. Gaps of 2–3 km between baits were inconsequential provided the average imposed mortality per km2 across the entire operational area was maintained. Leaving gaps 5–7 km wide inside an area where baits killed 10% per day delayed effective control by 4–11 years. Corrective measures that put a few baits within the gaps were more effective than deploying extra baits on the edges. Conclusions/Significance: The uneven distribution of cattle within settled areas is unlikely to compromise the impact of insecticide-treated cattle on tsetse. However, where areas of >3 km wide are cattle-free then insecticide-treated targets should be deployed to compensate for the lack of cattle

Rift Valley fever vector diversity and impact of meteorological and environmental factors on Culex pipiens dynamics in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

BACKGROUND : In Northern Botswana, rural communities, livestock, wildlife and large numbers of mosquitoes cohabitate around permanent waters of the Okavango Delta. As in other regions of sub-Saharan Africa, Rift Valley Fever (RVF) virus is known to circulate in that area among wild and domestic animals. However, the diversity and composition of potential RVF mosquito vectors in that area are unknown as well as the climatic and ecological drivers susceptible to affect their population dynamics. METHODS : Using net traps baited with carbon dioxide, monthly mosquito catches were implemented over four sites surrounding cattle corrals at the northwestern border of the Okavango Delta between 2011 and 2012. The collected mosquito species were identified and analysed for the presence of RVF virus by molecular methods. In addition, a mechanistic model was developed to assess the qualitative influence of meteorological and environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall and flooding levels, on the population dynamics of the most abundant species detected (Culex pipiens). RESULTS : More than 25,000 mosquitoes from 32 different species were captured with an overabundance of Cx. pipiens (69,39 %), followed by Mansonia uniformis (20,67 %) and a very low detection of Aedes spp. (0.51 %). No RVF virus was detected in our mosquito pooled samples. The model fitted well the Cx. pipiens catching results (ρ = 0.94, P = 0.017). The spatial distribution of its abundance was well represented when using local rainfall and flooding measures (ρ = 1, P = 0.083). The global population dynamics were mainly influenced by temperature, but both rainfall and flooding presented a significant influence. The best and worst suitable periods for mosquito abundance were around March to May and June to October, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Our study provides the first available data on the presence of potential RVF vectors that could contribute to the maintenance and dissemination of RVF virus in the Okavango Delta. Our model allowed us to understand the dynamics of Cx. pipiens, the most abundant vector identified in this area. Potential predictions of peaks in abundance of this vector could allow the identification of the most suitable periods for disease occurrence and provide recommendations for vectorial and disease surveillance and control strategies.Additional file 1: Serological analysis (Sampling strategy, laboratory analysis and results).Additional file 2: Mapping flooding extent method. Figure in Additional file 2. Maps of Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) derived from MODIS imagery at different dates corresponding to the study period.Additional file 3 Detail of the ordinary differential equation system.Funding was provided by FAO. Award Number: LoA OSRO/INT/602/USA/B1.http://www.parasitesandvectors.comam2016Zoology and Entomolog

Kinetoplastids:related protozoan pathogens, different diseases

Kinetoplastids are a group of flagellated protozoans that include the species Trypanosoma and Leishmania, which are human pathogens with devastating health and economic effects. The sequencing of the genomes of some of these species has highlighted their genetic relatedness and underlined differences in the diseases that they cause. As we discuss in this Review, steady progress using a combination of molecular, genetic, immunologic, and clinical approaches has substantially increased understanding of these pathogens and important aspects of the diseases that they cause. Consequently, the paths for developing additional measures to control these “neglected diseases” are becoming increasingly clear, and we believe that the opportunities for developing the drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, and other tools necessary to expand the armamentarium to combat these diseases have never been better

The sequential aerosol technique : a major component in an Iitegrated strategy of intervention against riverine Tsetse in Ghana

An integrated strategy of intervention against tsetse flies was implemented in the Upper West Region of Ghana (9.62u–11.00u N, 1.40u–2.76u W), covering an area of <18,000 km2 within the framework of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign. Two species were targeted: Glossina tachinoides and Glossina palpalis gambiensis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The objectives were to test the potentiality of the sequential aerosol technique (SAT) to eliminate riverine tsetse species in a challenging subsection (dense tree canopy and high tsetse densities) of the total sprayed area (6,745 km2) and the subsequent efficacy of an integrated strategy including ground spraying (<100 km2), insecticide treated targets (20,000) and insecticide treated cattle (45,000) in sustaining the results of tsetse suppression in the whole intervention area. The aerial application of low-dosage deltamethrin aerosols (0.33–0.35 g a.i/ha) was conducted along the three main rivers using five custom designed fixed-wings Turbo thrush aircraft. The impact of SAT on tsetse densities was monitored using 30 biconical traps deployed from two weeks before until two weeks after the operations. Results of the SAT monitoring indicated an overall reduction rate of 98% (from a pre-intervention mean apparent density per trap per day (ADT) of 16.7 to 0.3 at the end of the fourth and last cycle). One year after the SAT operations, a second survey using 200 biconical traps set in 20 sites during 3 weeks was conducted throughout the intervention area to measure the impact of the integrated control strategy. Both target species were still detected, albeit at very low densities (ADT of 0.27 inside sprayed blocks and 0.10 outside sprayed blocks). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The SAT operations failed to achieve elimination in the monitored section, but the subsequent integrated strategy maintained high levels of suppression throughout the intervention area, which will contribute to improving animal health, increasing animal production and fostering food security.The work was funded by the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign/Ghana and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (project GCP/RAF/442/IFA).http://www.plosntds.org /home.actionam2013ab201

Optimal strategies for controlling riverine tsetse flies using targets: a modelling study

Background: Tsetse flies occur in much of sub-Saharan Africa where they transmit the trypanosomes that cause the diseases of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock. One of the most economical and effective methods of tsetse control is the use of insecticide-treated screens, called targets, that simulate hosts. Targets have been ~1m2, but recently it was shown that those tsetse that occupy riverine situations, and which are the main vectors of sleeping sickness, respond well to targets only ~0.06m2. The cheapness of these tiny targets suggests the need to reconsider what intensity and duration of target deployments comprise the most cost-effective strategy in various riverine habitats. Methodology/Principal Findings: A deterministic model, written in Excel spreadsheets and managed by Visual Basic for Applications, simulated the births, deaths and movement of tsetse confined to a strip of riverine vegetation composed of segments of habitat in which the tsetse population was either selfsustaining, or not sustainable unless supplemented by immigrants. Results suggested that in many situations the use of tiny targets at high density for just a few months per year would be the most cost-effective strategy for rapidly reducing tsetse densities by the ~90% expected to have a great impact on the incidence of sleeping sickness. Local elimination of tsetse becomes feasible when targets are deployed in isolated situations, or where the only invasion occurs from populations that are not self-sustaining. Conclusion/Significance: Seasonal use of tiny targets deserves field trials. The ability to recognise habitat that contains tsetse populations which are not self-sustaining could improve the planning of all methods of tsetse control, against any species, in riverine, savannah or forest situations. Criteria to assist such recognition are suggested