History and prospect of Muslims in Central America

The birth of Islam over fourteen centuries ago was a monumental event in human history with an everlasting effect on humanity. For centuries researchers contemplated on the growth and distribution of Muslims throughout the World. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a reliable estimate of the Muslim population in Central America since the inception of Islam at the start of the 7th century to the start of the 24th century. The considered region consists of eight countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. A centennial data estimate for these countries from 600 to 2300 (approximately 1H to 1700H) of the total population, and corresponding Muslim population and its percentage is provided. Furthermore, the same data in decennial order from 1790 to 2100 (or 1210H to 1520H) are provided for each country. These data are summarized to be a reference for other studies and discussions related to the Muslim population

History and prospect of Muslims in Central America

The birth of Islam over fourteen centuries ago was a monumental event in human history with an everlasting effect on humanity. For centuries researchers contemplated on the growth and distribution of Muslims throughout the World. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a reliable estimate of the Muslim population in Central America since the inception of Islam at the start of the 7th century to the start of the 24th century. The considered region consists of eight countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. A centennial data estimate for these countries from 600 to 2300 (approximately 1H to 1700H) of the total population, and corresponding Muslim population and its percentage is provided. Furthermore, the same data in decennial order from 1790 to 2100 (or 1210H to 1520H) are provided for each country. These data are summarized to be a reference for other studies and discussions related to the Muslim population

An Inventory of Existing Neuroprivacy Controls

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) facilitate communication between brains and computers. As these devices become increasingly popular outside of the medical context, research interest in brain privacy risks and countermeasures has bloomed. Several neuroprivacy threats have been identified in the literature, including brain malware, personal data being contained in collected brainwaves and the inadequacy of legal regimes with regards to neural data protection. Dozens of controls have been proposed or implemented for protecting neuroprivacy, although it has not been immediately apparent what the landscape of neuroprivacy controls consists of. This paper inventories the implemented and proposed neuroprivacy risk mitigation techniques from open source repositories, BCI providers and the academic literature. These controls are mapped to the Hoepman privacy strategies and their implementation status is described. Several research directions for ensuring the protection of neuroprivacy are identified

Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage among healthy and sick pediatric patients before the generalized implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in Morocco from 2010 to 2011

Nasopharyngeal carriage studies provide insights into the local prevalence of circulating pneumococcal serotypes. These data are critical to vaccination monitoring, as they allow for the prediction and assessment of impact. Very little data are available on the carriage of pneumococcal serotypes in Morocco. Here, we describe the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage and serotype distribution among 697 pediatric patients with ages ranging from 2 to 59 months who were admitted to a Moroccan hospital with severe pneumonia, as well as 195 healthy infants and young children who were recruited at a vaccination clinic. Carriage rates were 40.5% (79/195) for healthy children and 22.8% (159/697) for sick children. The most commonly observed circulating serotypes included 6A, 6B and 19F, all of which are included in the current 13-valent anti-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine that was recently introduced in Morocco. Monitoring of circulating serotypes remains necessary after vaccine introduction to assess whether serotype replacement is occurring

Relationships Between Religion and Intolerance Towards Muslims and Immigrants in Europe:A Multilevel Analysis

This paper examines relationships between religiosity and intolerance towards Muslims and immigrants among Europeans living in non-Muslim majority countries by applying multilevel modeling to European Values Study data (wave four, 2010). Thus relationships across 44 national contexts are analyzed. The analysis found large between-country differences in the overall levels of intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims. Eastern Europeans tend to be more intolerant than Western Europeans. In most countries Muslims are less accepted than immigrants,—a finding which reflects that in post-9/11 Europe Islamophobia is prevalent and many still see Muslims with suspicion. A key result is that believing matters for the citizen’s attitudes towards Muslims and immigrants. Across Europe, traditional and modern fuzzy beliefs in a Higher Being are strongly negatively related to intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims, while fundamentalism is positively related to both targets of intolerance. Religious practice and denominational belonging on the other hand matter far less for the citizen’s propensity to dislike the two out-groups. With the only exception of non-devout Protestants who do not practice their religion, members of religious denominations are not more intolerant than non-members. The findings are valid for the vast majority of countries although countries differ in the magnitude of the effects

Monte Carlo Analysis of Uncertain Digital Circuits

Abstrac

2003): Estimation of the long-range dependence parameter of fractional Brownian motion

The most well-known models of long-range dependent processes are fractional Gaussian noise [7] (thus secondorder self-similarity) and fractional ARIMA [3, 4]. Each of these models has a corresponding long-range dependenc