Methane production and oxidation potentials along a fen-bog gradient from southern boreal to subarctic peatlands in Finland

Methane (CH4) emissions from northern peatlands are projected to increase due to climate change, primarily because of projected increases in soil temperature. Yet, the rates and temperature responses of the two CH4 emission-related microbial processes (CH4 production by methanogens and oxidation by methanotrophs) are poorly known. Further, peatland sites within a fen-bog gradient are known to differ in the variables that regulate these two mechanisms, yet the interaction between peatland type and temperature lacks quantitative understanding. Here, we investigated potential CH4 production and oxidation rates for 14 peatlands in Finland located between c. 60 and 70 degrees N latitude, representing bogs, poor fens, and rich fens. Potentials were measured at three different temperatures (5, 17.5, and 30celcius) using the laboratory incubation method. We linked CH4 production and oxidation patterns to their methanogen and methanotroph abundance, peat properties, and plant functional types. We found that the rich fen-bog gradient-related nutrient availability and methanogen abundance increased the temperature response of CH4 production, with rich fens exhibiting the greatest production potentials. Oxidation potential showed a steeper temperature response than production, which was explained by aerenchymous plant cover, peat water holding capacity, peat nitrogen, and sulfate content. The steeper temperature response of oxidation suggests that, at higher temperatures, CH4 oxidation might balance increased CH4 production. Predicting net CH4 fluxes as an outcome of the two mechanisms is complicated due to their different controls and temperature responses. The lack of correlation between field CH4 fluxes and production/oxidation potentials, and the positive correlation with aerenchymous plants points toward the essential role of CH4 transport for emissions. The scenario of drying peatlands under climate change, which is likely to promote Sphagnum establishment over brown mosses in many places, will potentially reduce the predicted warming-related increase in CH4 emissions by shifting rich fens to Sphagnum-dominated systems.Peer reviewe

Towards constraining the circumpolar nitrous oxide budget

Arctic soils and sediments are well known for their huge carbon stocks and the significant positive feedback carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions can have on climate change. However, the vast amounts of nitrogen (N) and possible emissions of the strong greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from Arctic soils are much less considered in this context. Arctic soils have been neglected in global N2O accounting, since their N2O emissions were traditionally thought to be low due to the general N-limitation of biological processes. Recent results suggest, however, that this assumption is unwarranted and needs to be revised. Still, although we know about the risk for increasing N2O emissions from the Arctic with warming, data are available only from a handful of sites and we are lacking any estimate on the circumarctic N2O budget even under the present climate. This presentation will introduce our plan to produce the first circumarctic N2O budget, an important baseline scenario against which changes in circumarctic N2O emissions can be observed with ongoing warming and global change. In order to estimate the first circumarctic N2O budget, we synthesize existing data and organize large-scale surveys of N2O fluxes across the Circumarctic. In our synthesis effort, we collect published and unpublished data on N2O emissions and N2O soil gas concentrations and analyze the data for driving variables and mechanisms underlying the N2O fluxes from various sites with different soil and vegetation characteristics. In addition, we organize measurement campaigns (via the INTERACT remote access program) to quantify N2O fluxes across a wide variety of Arctic sites using a network of collaborator stations with simple, standardized methods, and combine this N2O screening with GIS approaches to scale up the N2O fluxes step-wise from plot to regional and circumarctic levels. Ultimately, these data will be combined with existing data-sets and archived in a database that will be made available for process modelers in order to develop and improve the performance N2O models for permafrost soils. N2O flux data were published in 21 articles from 16 Arctic sites. In the frame of this project, N2O flux measurements were conducted in 2018 at 18 study sites located in Russia, Scandinavia, Svalbard, Canada and Alaska. First analyses show that N2O is released from a range of environmentally distinct sites and at variable magnitudes with soil N content, soil C/N ratios, vegetation cover, water availability, and nutrient content likely playing significant roles. Ultimately, this project will not only provide a valuable input towards the first estimate of the circumarctic N2O budget but also towards understanding the controls of Arctic N2O fluxes which is necessary for future projections. There is urgent need for collaboration among partners in this effort and we would thus like to invite interested researchers to contribute with further published or unpublished data on N2O fluxes/concentrations from Arctic sites to support our synthesis effort. Scientists are also highly requested to sample additional N2O data from “their” Arctic sites with the simple methods introduced here, in order to help us filling large data gaps

Sairaanhoitajan rooli uudistuvassa kotihoidossa

Opinnäytetyön aiheena oli sairaanhoitajan rooli uudistuvassa kotihoidossa. Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on kartoittaa sairaanhoitajan ammatin nykytilaa, kuvata sairaanhoitajan rooliin liittyviä asioita kotihoidossa sekä kotihoidon kehittämishankkeita. Tavoitteena on nostaa esiin sairaanhoitajan osaamista ja kuinka sitä voidaan hyödyntää kotihoidossa ja sen kehittämistyössä. Tavoitteena on myös tuoda esille kotihoidon kehittämiseksi tehtyjä uusia hankkeita. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin kuvailevana kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Sähköisiksi tietokannoiksi valikoituivat PubMed, Cinahl ja Medic, minkä lisäksi myös näiden ulkopuolisia lähteitä valikoitui mukaan. Tiedonhakua rajoitettiin iän, kokotekstin saatavuuden relevanttiuden mukaan. Tietokannoista tehdyillä hauilla ei löytynyt tutkimuskysymyksen kannalta relevanttia tietoa, joten mukaan valikoitui manuaalisen haun kautta aineistoa. Aineisto analysoitiin laadullisesti teemoittelemalla ja niistä tehtiin johtopäätökset. Tiedonhaun tuloksista selvisi, että sairaanhoitajan koulutus on Suomessa laajempi kuin muualla Euroopassa. Sairaanhoitajan työnkuva on myös laaja ja jatkuvassa muutoksessa. Tulevaisuudessa itsenäinen päätöksenteko, vastuun lisääntyminen sekä hoidon tarpeen arviointi lisäävät ammatin vaativuutta. Kotihoidon kentällä uusia innovaatioita ja kehitysprojekteja toteutetaan parhaillaan, kuten Kukoistava Kotihoito -hanke, Kotihoito 2020 -hanke sekä Buurtzorg Nederland organisaation ”Hollannin malli”.The subject of this thesis was the registered nurse’s role in renewing home care. The purpose of this thesis was to survey the current state of nursing profession, to portray things related to the role of the registered nurse within home care and home care development projects. The goal of this thesis was to bring up a registered nurse’s competence and how it can be utilized in developing health care. The goal was also to bring up new projects developed to improve health care. The thesis was conducted as a literature review. First a research question was formed and then information retrieval methods and keywords were defined. The chosen databases were PubMed, CINAHL and Medic but also other sources were used. The information retrieval was limited by age, accessibility to the whole text and whether the context was relevant to the research question. No relevant studies were found using PubMed, Cinahl or Medic so a manual information retrieval was also conducted. After this the chosen material was analyzed by using qualitative theming and conclusions were made based on it. As a result, the education of registered nurses in Finland is more comprehensive than else-where in Europe. The job description of a registered nurse is also very wide and constantly changing. In the future making independent decisions, increasing responsibility, and assessing the need for treatment will increase the complexity of the nursing profession. New innovations and development projects are currently implemented. Examples of these are Kukoistava kotihoito project, Kotihoito 2020 project and Buurzorg Nederland organization

Towards the first circumarctic N2O budget – Extrapolating to the landscape scale

Arctic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have long been assumed to have a negligible climatic impact but recently increasing evidence has emerged of N2O hotspots in the Arctic. Even in small amounts, N2O has the potential to contribute to climate change due to it being nearly 300 times more potent at radiative forcing than CO2. Therefore, the ‘NOCA’ project aims to establish the first circumarctic N2O budget. Following intensive N2O flux sampling campaigns at primary sites within Northern Russia and soil N2O concentration measurements from secondary sites across the Arctic, we are now entering the phase of spatial extrapolation. Challenges to overcome are the small-scale heterogeneity of the landscape and incorporating small features that can function as N2O hotspots. Therefore, as a first step in upscaling the N2O fluxes, high resolution imagery is needed. We show here novel high-resolution 3D imagery from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which will be used to upscale N2O fluxes from plot to landscape scale by linking ground-truth N2O measurements to vegetation maps. This approach will first be applied to the East cliff of Kurungnakh Island in the Lena River Delta of North Siberia and is based on 2019 sampling campaign data. Kurungnakh Island is characterized by ice and organic-rich Yedoma permafrost that is thawed by fluvial thermo-erosion forming retrogressive thaw slumps in various stages of activity. Overall, 20 sites were sampled along the cliff and inland, covering the significant topographic and vegetative characteristics of the landscape. The data from this scale will provide the basis for extrapolating, by using a stepwise upscaling approach, to the regional and finally circumarctic scale, allowing a first rough estimate of the current climate impact of N2O emissions from permafrost affected soils. Available international circumarctic data from this and past projects will be synthesized with an Arctic N2O database under development for use in future ecosystem and process-based climate model simulation

Data and code for "High-resolution spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial ecosystem carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide fluxes in the tundra"

Repository structure The zipped folder includes the following subfolders: data In-situ measurement data from the plots. Remotely-sensed data could not be included in the repository due to their large size. src R codes to reproduce the data cleaning, prosessing, and statistical analysis steps. results Model parameters, performance statistics, model files, figures, edited tables together with some summary tables produces from upscaling results. raster data and upscaled results Averaged flux, soil moisture and temperature maps for the growing season (July 1-August 2nd, 8 am - 8 pm) as well as static maps produced in this study. All the upscaled results could not be included in the repository due to their large size. Note that the analysis to produce the vegetation classification map are described here: https://github.com/poniitty/kilpisjarvi_vegclas