Inherent redundacy electric heater

A cross-wound electrical heater comprising two resistance coils wound together with opposite pitches electrically connected at their crossing points, is reported. Each element is supplied by a separate power supply of the same magnitude, and each power supply is isolated from reverse currents by a diode. Failure of one of the windings results in only a moderate change in output power

Effective Media Use: Using Film And Television To Instruct An Organizational Behavior Course

Media can be used to effectively teach Organizational Behavior (OB) concepts at the college level. University instructors have the option to employ several different methods of teaching in order to convey course concepts in the classroom. This article describes the effectiveness that five particular pieces of media can have on active learning in an undergraduate OB class. The films For Love of the Game, 300, and 12 Angry Men, as well as the episode All Due Respect of the television series The Sopranos and the episode Did I Stutter? of the television series The Office, will be analyzed. This article provides a background on each piece of media, as well practical suggestions on how to use them to instruct OB

Policing the Police: Clarifying the Test for Holding the Government Liable Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the State-Created Danger Theory

On October 20, 1980, as Barbara Piotrowski left a donut shop, a man hired by her ex-boyfriend to kill her shot her four times in the chest. Within twenty-four hours, the Houston Police Department ( HPD ) arrested the gunman and his driver and obtained heir confessions. Piotrowski\u27s millionaire ex-boyfriend moved to England and was never arrested nor brought to trial. Fifteen years later, Piotrowski sued the City of Houston under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for depriving her of her constitutional right to life and liberty and equal protection. She based her lawsuit primarily on information that a month before the shooting, an HPD officer received a tip from a man who claimed he was offered money to kill Piotrowski, chop up her body, and dump it in the Gulf of Mexico. Exactly what HPD did with the tip is unclear. What they did not do was explicitly warn Piotrowski or furnish her with police protection.\u27 Piotrowski further claimed that HPD colluded with her ex-boyfriend both before and after the shooting by harassing her and protecting him. Specifically, she alleged that two or three HPD officers worked for her ex-boyfriend on their off-duty hours, helping him remove from her apartment all its contents, ransacking her house on another occasion, and possibly providing the gunman with a copy of her mug shot.\u27 HPD pointed out that Piotrowski\u27s allegations relied solely upon the conduct of a few isolated officers who moonlighted as security guards for her ex-boyfriend\u27s friend. Nevertheless, after a jury verdict in Piotrowski\u27s favor, a federal judge ordered the City to pay her $18.1 million.. In one respect, the decision against the City of Houston seems fair. If the police department affirmatively aided in the tragedy that befell Ms. Piotrowski, then it certainly violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which provides tort-like remedies for persons deprived of their constitutional rights under color of state law. On the other hand, if the police department was simply negligent because it failed to follow the requisite procedures regarding the tip, then the department is protected by sovereign immunity. When stated this way, distinguishing between the two possibilities may seem rather easy. Nonetheless, the situation in Piotrowski illustrates a growing trend in federal courts of finding state officials and municipalities liable for violating 42 U.S.C. § 1983 under a novel theory called state-created danger

Book Review: Surviving Debt Expert Advice for Getting Out of Financial Trouble

Surviving Debt: Expert Advice for Getting Out of Financial Trouble is a comprehensive synthesis of techniques and advice from the nation’s consumer law experts that provides all the fundamental information needed to manage debt in the United States

Success and failure in weight reduction : evaluation of stimulus and affective control, spouse participation, drop-outs and program effectiveness.

PsychologyDoctor of Philosophy (PhD

Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Importance In Academics

The purpose of this paper is to support Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as an essential area of study in the field of business education that is often neglected.OCB has been defined as individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization (Organ, 1988).The inclusion of OCB in business education could be beneficial to both managers and organizations by educating the manager, as well as by developing employees.OCB is typically discussed in Organizational Behavior (OB) courses; however, it is often a relatively small part of the coursework. There are also several other relevant areas of management that fail to include OCB as part of academic content

Mammographic Breast Density as a Predictive Tool in Average-risk Women aged 40 to 59: a systematic review

Background: In 1976 Dr. John Wolfe introduced the relationship between breast tissue composition and breast cancer risk. Breast tissue composition is one of several well-established risk factors for breast cancer, but is not currently incorporated into commonly used risk prediction models or routinely used in clinical practice to recommend for or against routine screening. Knowledge of risk factors and their predictive abilities is important for creating appropriate screening strategies. It would be of value if breast tissue composition, alone or in combination with other risk factors, would allow for creating personalized screening plans for every woman based on her individual risk as screening can be harmful and costly. Objective: To assess whether the American College of Radiology (ACR) Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) breast tissue composition categorization has a sufficient degree of incremental value beyond age to predict incidence and/or breast cancer-related mortality in average-risk women aged 40 to 59. Evaluation is based on the following criteria: magnitude of risk estimates, discriminatory ability, net reclassification index, clinical utility and cost-effectiveness. Search methods: I searched PubMed and EMBASE from January 1, 2003 to April 19, 2014. Radiologist assessment of breast tissue composition using mammography was the intervention of interest. I focused on outcomes assessed in the short-term, within 10 years of intervention. I excluded lifetime estimates. Exclusion criteria for the population included risk factors, such as personal history of breast cancer and BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutation carrier status. Main results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. While exposure and outcome measurement were relatively consistent across studies, there was heterogeneity in study design, population age range, follow-up duration and outcomes assessed. Despite this, it is clear that there is a dose-response relationship between breast tissue composition and risk of in situ and invasive breast cancer. Across all of the studies, effect sizes were moderate. There was not a meaningful relationship with short-term mortality, though few studies in this review evaluated this outcome. The risk factor's ability to discriminate, separate cases from non-cases, was close to chance and not clinically proven to be superior to existing Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (Gail Model). There were no studies that calculated the Net Reclassification Index (NRI), or evaluated clinical utility or cost-effectiveness. Limitations of the evidence: The BI-RADS lexicon used to describe breast tissue composition is subjective; creating measurement bias that can lead to inaccurate risk estimates. Outcome data (incidence and vital status) were obtained from population-based registries. Equal, valid and reliable measurement of the outcome rests on the completeness, validity and reporting timeliness of utilized databases. This information was variably reported and not easily obtainable. Lastly, breast density is not stable over time. Crossovers, movement from one category to another, can diminish risk estimates. Conclusion: Based on the available evidence, breast tissue composition, as currently assessed in routine clinical practice, does not fulfill the criteria to be valuable as a predictive tool. Authors of breast density notification laws should clarify intentions, critically examine the evidence and evaluate outcomes. Given subjectivity, focus could be shifted to objective measurements and other enterprising technologies, such as breast magnetic resonance imaging or 3D digital breast tomosynthesis.Master of Public Healt

The effects of external rewards on interest and quality of task performance in children of high and low intrinsic motivation.

Thesis (M.S.