The doctrine of creation and process theology: with particular reference to the thought of Charles Hartshorne

The purpose in writing this dissertation is simply to compare two things which have not been previously compared—the doctrine of creation and process theology, and in so doing, see if process theology puts forward an adequate and acceptable interpretation of this venerable doctrine. That such comparison can and should take place is obvious when one realizes the tremendous emphasis process thinkers place on their notion of creativity and the unique way in which they define all entities, including God, as •self-created creatures.' Perhaps, it is outside Influences that have determined that focus of process interests would be elsewhere. Linguistic analysis and neo-orthodox theology have joined forces in attacking metaphysics. These same two forces have made discussion of God and of Jesus Christ of immediate importance. Be this as it may, dialogue between process thinkers and traditional ones, on the subject of creation, is over-due.Some of the terms in the title need definition. "Process theology" is the baptized offspring of process philosophy and possibly its only surviving heir. The progenitor of process philosophy is Alfred North Whitehead who first established himself in Europe as a mathematician and then switched subjects and continents, emigrating to the United States where he became one of the foremost philosophers of the first half of this century. The most important work in the second half of his career was an expansion of his 1927-28 Glfford ii Lectures, delivered at the University of Edinburgh and published in 1929 under the title, Process and Reality. Even though Whitehead's ideas had been expressed earlier elsewhere, this was by far his most complete articulation of process philosophy.If Whitehead is the progenitor of process thought, why does this dissertation pay particular attention to one of Whitehead's students, Charles Hartshorne? Whitehead's concerns were not primarily theological, but cosmological. Hartshome's concerns are theological as indicated by an early and sustained interest in Anselra's ontological argument for the existence of God, which formed the basis of his theism. Hartshorne, much more than Whitehead, has defined and discussed God from a process point of view. Through his work, Whitehead's teachings have been expanded and revised both with original thought and insights gained from other persons. The understanding of God is one of the areas where Hartshome takes many exceptions with the teaching of his mentor.Hartshorne also deserves special consideration because he, for awhile, almost singlehandedly kept process thought alive. Process philosophy is now fifty years old but was largely ignored until the last fifteen years when opponents of the death of God theology revived an interest in it as an alternative system. Although he was not the only process thinker around in those thirty-five years of neglect, Hartshorne certainly was the most ardent and articulate spokesman for the cause."Traditional theology" is an umbrella term covering almost everything in Western theology which is not process thought. This iii includes virtually the entirety of the tradition in which the Roman Catholic and Reformed churches stand. Needless to say, the people clustered by this term are a diverse group and might not be happy at being lumped together. From the process perspective, traditional theology has two basic characteristics: (1) an implicit or an explicit preference for being rather than becoming as the basic metaphysical description of reality (2) a •monopolar prejudice1 with regard to God which permits him to be conceptualized only in terms of abstract, non-relative categories. The wide diversity in traditional theology is sampled here, and the term should suggest nothing other than theology which is not process theology.Traditional theology's many understandings of the doctrine of creation are scanned in Chapter 1. What is instantly obvious, is the wide and rich diversity of interpretations that have been put forward. Two concepts, however, consistently support the various understandings—creation ex nihilo and creatio per verbum. Three affirmations have also been made about creation. The first concerns the creation's total dependency on God as its creator. The second states that even though God and the creation are not one, the creation is fundamentally good. Finally, creation must be seen as an act of God's love.Chapter 2 lays out the process concept of creation beginning with the basic understanding of creative-synthesis. Notable here is Hartshome's and John Cobb's departure from Whitehead in placing supreme importance on the role God performs in the creative process, that is providing each entity with its initial aim. Through further analysis, God is seen as being "creativity itself" and his creativity is the creativity which creates the creativity of others. God's creativity is then identified with the traditional concept of the Logos.In the third chapter traditional doctrines and the process concept are juxtaposed. Process thought embraces creatlo pro verbum but rejects creatlo ex nihilo replacing it with the notion of creation out of chaos. In spite of this, process thought is able to make the same affirmations as traditional thought; however, the content of these affirmations is often distinctly different.The dissertation concludes with a chapter on analogy. Various Thomist classifications are put forward and the deep disagreement among Thomists as to the correct understanding of them, is discussed. Reformed concepts of analogy are also cited, particularly Berth's ideas. Hartshorne's concept and use of analogy is set out and described as "the analogy of creativity." This analogy is then compared with Thomas* analoqia entis and Barth's analoqla fidei.The bibliography at the end of the dissertation contains those sources actually used in the paper.This author gratefully acknowledges that a large number of people have aided and abetted this project, in direct and indirect ways. Special thanks go to my advisors, Dr. John Mclntyre and Mr. D.W.D. Shaw, for their patient guidance and assistance. Also, Charlene Ireland's arduous and excellent efforts in typing the final copy merit special mention as does nty wife, Alegria's proofreading. I also appreciate that my children, Lois and Clay, were willing to accept that for awhile Charles Hartshome seemed as important to their daddy as they did

Stratification requirements for seed dormancy alleviation in a wetland weed.

Echinochloaoryzicola(syn.E. phyllopogon) is an exotic weed of California rice paddies that has evolved resistance to multiple herbicides. Elimination of seedlingsthroughcertain weed control methods can limit the spread of this weed, but is contingent on accurate predictions of germination and emergence timing, which are influenced by seed dormancy levels.In summer annuals, dormancy can often be relieved through stratification, a period of prolonged exposure to cold and moist conditions.We used population-based threshold models to quantify the effects of stratification on seed germination of four E. Oryzicola populations at a range of water potential (Ψ) and oxygen levels. We also determined how stratification temperatures, moisture levels and durations contributed to dormancy release. Stratification released dormancy by decreasing base Ψ and hydrotimerequired for germination and by eliminating any germination sensitivity to oxygen. Stratification also increased average germination rates (GR), which were used as a proxy for relative dormancy levels. Alternating temperatures nearly doubled GR in all populations, indicating that seeds could be partially dormant despite achieving high final germination percentages. Stratification at Ψ = 0 MPa increased GR compared to stratification at lower water potentials, demonstrating that Ψ contributed to regulating dormancy release. Maximum GR occurred after 2-4 weeks of stratification at 0 MPa; GR were often more rapid for herbicide-resistant than for herbicide-susceptible seeds, implying greater dormancy in the latter. Manipulation of field conditions to promote dormancy alleviation of E. oryzicola seeds might improve the rate and uniformity of germination for seed bank depletion through seedling weed control. Our results suggest field soil saturation in winter would contribute towards E. oryzicola dormancy release and decrease the time to seedling emergence

High-Resolution Analysis of the Efficiency, Heritability, and Editing Outcomes of CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Modifications of NCED4 in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa).

CRISPR/Cas9 is a transformative tool for making targeted genetic alterations. In plants, high mutation efficiencies have been reported in primary transformants. However, many of the mutations analyzed were somatic and therefore not heritable. To provide more insights into the efficiency of creating stable homozygous mutants using CRISPR/Cas9, we targeted LsNCED4 (9-cis-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE4), a gene conditioning thermoinhibition of seed germination in lettuce. Three constructs, each capable of expressing Cas9 and a single gRNA targeting different sites in LsNCED4, were stably transformed into lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cvs. Salinas and Cobham Green. Analysis of 47 primary transformants (T1) and 368 T2 plants by deep amplicon sequencing revealed that 57% of T1 plants contained events at the target site: 28% of plants had germline mutations in one allele indicative of an early editing event (mono-allelic), 8% of plants had germline mutations in both alleles indicative of two early editing events (bi-allelic), and the remaining 21% of plants had multiple low frequency mutations indicative of late events (chimeric plants). Editing efficiency was similar in both genotypes, while the different gRNAs varied in efficiency. Amplicon sequencing of 20 T1 and more than 100 T2 plants for each of the three gRNAs showed that repair outcomes were not random, but reproducible and characteristic for each gRNA. Knockouts of NCED4 resulted in large increases in the maximum temperature for seed germination, with seeds of both cultivars capable of germinating >70% at 37°. Knockouts of NCED4 provide a whole-plant selectable phenotype that has minimal pleiotropic consequences. Targeting NCED4 in a co-editing strategy could therefore be used to enrich for germline-edited events simply by germinating seeds at high temperature

Influence of Seed Vigor and Preplant Herbicides on Emergence, Growth, and Yield of Tomato

The interactions of seed vigor with herbicides were studied with respect to seedling emergence, growth, and fruit yield of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. UC204C). Seed vigor (speed of germination) was enhanced by priming in an aerated solution of 0.12 m K2HP O4 plus 0.15 m KN O3 at 20C for 5 days followed by drying in forced air at 30C. The vigor of a second subsample of the same seed lot was reduced by controlled deterioration at 13% water content (dry-weight basis) for 6 days at 50C (aged seeds). Primed, aged, and untreated seeds were tested for their sensitivity to napropamide and metribuzin herbicides in greenhouse and field studies. A seed vigor × herbicide interaction was detected only under greenhouse conditions, where aged seeds were more sensitive than primed or untreated seeds to metribuzin. In April and May field plantings, seed vigor influenced the rate and percentage of final emergence and the earliness of fruit maturity, but had no effect on relative growth rate or total vegetative or reproductive yield. Napropamide at 4.5 and 9 kg·ha-1 and metribuzin at 0.4 and 0.8 kg·ha-1 had no effect on the rate or percentage of seedling emergence, relative growth rate, or total fruit yield. Metribuzin increased the mortality of seedlings at either application rate, and at 0.8 kg·ha-1 delayed early growth and fruit maturity in the April planting. Napropamide treatments did not differ from the water control for all characteristics and environments studied. Chemical names used: 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (metribuzin); 2-(α-napthoxy)-N,N-diethyl propionamide (napropamide).EEA La ConsultaFil: Argerich, Cosme Alberto. University of California, Davis; Estados Unidos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; ArgentinaFil: Bradford, Kent J. University of California, Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Ashton, Floyd M. University of California, Davis; Estados Unido

Latitudinal dependency of geomagnetic polarity transition durations

Palaeomagnetic records of the Matuyama-Brunhes polarity transition were obtained from seven, low sedimentation rate, deepsea cores from the Pacific Ocean. The cores were taken near the 180° meridian and provide a latitudinal transect of transition records extending from 45.3° N to 33.4° S. Examination of these records suggests that low sedimentation rate cores may not be capable of recording the fine details of transitional field behaviour, but there are indications that these cores may, in fact, provide accurate records of the more general features of the reversal. Most notable of these features is that the duration of the transition is dependent on the site latitude, with durations at mid-latitudes being more than a factor of 2 longer than at equatorial latitudes

Exile Vol. XXXV No. 2

Peter Goes Groovy, by Carolyn Bern (cover) I Hate Poetry by Craig Bagno 1 Truancy by Richard Latimer 2 I ate a Star Last Night by Rory Herbster 3 Delivery by Amy Judge 4 Untitled by Sue McLain 5 Road Signs by Richard Latimer 7-8 Haiku for Me to Possess by Shannon J. Salser 9 Patches by Michael Payne 10 Untitled by Laura Johnson 11 He by Kent Lambert 13 At the Corner Grill by Lynn Pendleton 14-15 Black Licorice by Richard Latimer 16-17 Blue Shirt by Michael Payne 18 ...Loves a Clown by Margaret Dawson 21-24 The Surreal Sonnet by Shannon J. Salser 26 Untitled by Mat Benson 27 Swimming Lessons by Richard Latimer 29 Communion by Amy Judge 30 Beth\u27s Last Funny Joke by Ted Gould 31-35 Hope for a Peaceful Coming Around by Shannon J. Salser 36 Untitled by Laura Johnson 37 A Child\u27s Moment by Peter Witonsky 39 Observation by Rosemary Walsh 40 Untitled by Carolyn Burns 41 To My Sister by Amy B. Judge 43 Ideas In Bloom by Randy Casden 44 Untitled by Deb Tily 45 A Child of Mind by Charles Riedinger 47 Ars Poetica by Rory Herbster 48 Untitled by Mat Benson 49 REPRINTS Dancer by Bradford Cover 52 Skin Deep by Eric Whitney 53-55 Sunset by Chris Rynd 56 Editorial decision is shared equally among the Editorial Board Members -cover page The editors of Exile would like to formally apologize to those contributors whose works were misprinted in the Fall issue. We have reprinted a few of the pieces that contained the most errors. -51 NOTE: An uncredited and untitled piece of artwork appears on page 19. NOTE: Carolyn Bern (cover) Burns (41) and Berns (contributor notes) all appear to refer to the same artist

Exile Vol. XXXV No. 1

ARTWORK Untitled by Eric Whitney (cover) Untitled by Rory Herbster 7 Little Boy by Eric Whitney 45 FICTION Through the Window Pane by Jennifer Read 4 to whom i may concern by Chris Campi 19 For Lack of Sleep by Amy Judge 26 Jonathan by Jim Cox 39 Skin Deep by Eric Whitney 51 NON-FICTION A Theopoetic by Robert Marshall 11 POETRY Clay Pot by Christopher Collette 1 Ars Poetica by Mans Agantyr 2 Bible Thumber by Chris Rynd 6 Play by Amy Judge 9 Satellites by Andrew C. Carinston 10 Music - Love? by Shammon J. Salser 15 Allusion by Rosemary Walsh 17 Self Portrait by Margaret Dawson 18 On Our Way by Lynn Pendleton 21 They called her Mitzi... by Jen Miller 22 Storms of Illusion by Kevin Merriman 23 Beauty by Andrew C. Carington 24 Thoughts of a Husband by Kent Lambert 25 The Music of the Sum by Zach Smith 31 Don\u27t Think by Mary Forsythe 32 Aspiration by Tim Emrick 33 Where We Go Together by Man Angantyr 35 Sunset by Chris Byrd 36 The Child of my Fatalism by Jennifer Peterson 37 Untitled by Kent Lambert 38 Terribly close to being... by Michael Payne 44 Anne Frank\u27s House by Mary Forsythe 47 Invitation by Kevin Merriman 48 Height Protest by Jen Miller 49 Dancer by Bradford Cover 50 Ars Poetica by Amy Judge 55 Editorial decision is shared equally among the Editorial Board members -title page NOTE: The author of the poem Satellites is listed as Andrew C. Carinston in the published table of contents. This is likely a misspelling as there are four instances of an Andrew C. Carington elsewhere in this edition, including the attribution on the page where Satellites is published. NOTE: The author of the poem Where We Go Together is listed as Man Angantyr in the published table of contents. This is likely a misspelling as there are four instances of an Mans Angantyr elsewhere in this edition, including the attribution on the pages where Where We Go Together is published. NOTE: Chris Byrd is listed as the author of the poem Sunset in the published version. However a note in the received version indicates that the author is actually Chris Rynd, whose poem Bible Thumper is also published in this issue. No Chris Byrd is listed among the contributors to this issue. NOTE: The author of the poem Music = Love? is listed as Shammon J. Salser in the published table of contents. This is likely a misspelling. Where Music = Love? appears the author is listed as Shannon J. Salser. The same is true of the contributors section. NOTE: Though the published table of contents is followed here, the poem by Zach Smith that is published on page 31 is listed as The Music of the Sun on page 31