Supplementary material 5 from: Karasawa S, Nakata K (2018) Invasion stages and potential distributions of seven exotic terrestrial isopods in Japan. BioRisk 13: 53-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.13.23514

Evaluating potential distribution areas and limiting factors for the distribution of exotic species in invasive regions are essential to identify risks and protect the native ecosystem. However, less research has been conducted on the underground ecosystem than for above-ground. Factors, limiting the distributions of exotic terrestrial isopods, have been identified and their invasive stages and potential distribution areas in Japan evaluated. A database of distribution data has been developed for 17,412 terrestrial isopod specimens in Japan and two ecological niche models constructed using 19 bioclimatic variables; the regional model was calculated using data from Japan (invasive region) only, whereas a combination of data from Japan and North America (invasive regions) and Europe (native region) was used to construct the global model. The global model predicted that annual mean temperature and mean diurnal-temperature range were the important limiting factors for most exotic isopods. It was found that Armadillidium nasatum Budde-Lund, 1833, A. vulgare Latreille, 1804, Haplophthalmus danicus Budde-Lund, 1880, Porcellio laevis Latreille, 1804, P. scaber Latreille, 1804 and Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) were composed of stabilising and colonising populations, which enabled prediction of the future spread of distribution areas for these species in Japan. Porcellio dilatatus Brandt, 1833 was introduced in unstable environments and thus was found in fewer locations

Invasion stages and potential distributions of seven exotic terrestrial isopods in Japan

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One‑, Two‑, and Three-Dimensional Heterospin Complexes Consisting of 4‑(<i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-Butyloxylamino)pyridine (4NOpy), Dicyanamide Ion (DCA), and 3d Metal Ions: Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of [M^II(4NOpy)_<i>x</i>(DCA)_<i>y</i>(CH₃CN)_<i>z</i>]_<i>n</i> (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)

Solutions of 3d metal ion salts, M­(NO₃)₂, 4-(<i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-butyloxylamino)­pyridine (<b>4NOpy</b>), and dicyanamide (DCA) in CH₃CN were mixed to afford single crystals of the polymeric complexes [M^II(<b>4NOpy</b>)_<i>x</i>(DCA)_<i>y</i>(CH₃CN)_{<i><b>z</b></i>}]_<i>n</i> (M^II = Mn (<b>1</b>), Co (<b>2</b>), Ni (<b>3</b>), Cu (<b>4a</b> and <b>4b</b>), Zn (<b>5</b>)). X-ray crystallography revealed that the crystal structures are a three-dimensional (3-D) network for <b>1</b>, 2-D networks for <b>2</b>, <b>3</b>, <b>4a</b>, and <b>5</b>, and a 1-D chain for <b>4b</b>. Crystals of <b>2</b>, <b>3</b>, <b>4a</b>, and <b>5</b> contained CH₃CN molecules as crystal solvents, which were readily desorbed in the ambient atmosphere. After desorption of the CH₃CN molecules, the crystal structures of <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> were confirmed to be slightly shrunk without destruction of the crystal lattice. Crystals of <b>2</b>, <b>3</b>, <b>4a</b>, and <b>5</b> after desorption of crystal solvents were used for investigations of the magnetic properties. Complex <b>1</b> showed antiferromagnetic interactions to form a ferrimagnetic chain and exhibited the magnetic behavior of a 2-D (or 3-D) spin-canted antiferromagnet with <i>T</i>_N = 12 K. Complex <b>2</b> containing anisotropic Co^II ions also showed the behavior of a 1-D (or 2-D) spin-canted antiferromagnet with <i>T</i>_N = 6 K. In <b>3</b>, <b>4a</b>, and <b>4b</b>, the aminoxyl of <b>4NOpy</b> ferromagnetically interacted with the metal ion with coupling constants of <i>J</i>_M–NO/<i>k</i>_B = 45, 45, and 43 K, respectively. In <b>5</b>, the magnetic couplings between the aminoxyls in <b>4NOpy</b> through the diamagnetic Zn^II ion were weakly antiferromagntic (<i>J</i>_NO–NO = −1.2 K). DCA might be a weak antiferromagnetic connector for the metal chains

Preparations, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dipyridylaminoxyl as a New Magnetic Coupler and Its One-Dimensional Cobalt(II) Chains

<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dipyridilaminoxyl, <b>NOpy</b>_<b>2</b>, having a stable aminoxyl, was prepared as a new magnetic coupler for heterospin systems. Solutions of <b>NOpy</b>_<b>2</b> were mixed with those of bis­{1,1,1,5,5,5, hexafluoro-4-(phenylimino)-2-pentanonate}­cobalt derivatives, Co­(hfpip-X)₂, at a 1:1 ratio to afford the polymeric cobalt­(II) complexes, [Co­(hfpip-X)₂(<b>NOpy</b>_<b>2</b>)]_<i>n</i>; X = H (<b>1</b>), F (<b>2</b>), F₃ (<b>3</b>), F₅ (<b>4</b>), Cl (<b>5</b>), Cl₃ (<b>6</b>), Br (<b>7</b>), and I (<b>8</b>) as single crystals. In all complexes, the local structures of the cobalt-complex units were compressed octahedra and the pyridine ligands in <b>NOpy</b>_<b>2</b> units coordinated to the cobalt ions in trans configuration to form linear chains for <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> and in cis configuration to form helical chains for <b>5</b>–<b>8</b>. In the chains, the aminoxyl in <b>NOpy</b>_<b>2</b> ferromagnetically interacted with the cobalt ions to produce the ferromagnetic chains with <i>J</i>_intra/<i>k</i>_B = 9–14 K. In the magnetic susceptibility experiments of aligned sample of <b>6</b>, the magnetic easy axis was determined to be the <i>a</i>* axis, which was the direction perpendicular to the <i>b</i> axis of the chain axis. The resulting chains, all except <b>4</b>, interacted antiferromagnetically among each other, and especially in <b>1</b>, <b>5</b>, <b>7</b>, and <b>8</b>, the magnetic behaviors characteristic to canted two-dimensional (2D) antiferromagnets with <i>T</i>_c = 5.6, 4.0, 4.0, and 6.2 K, respectively, were observed. All complexes showed slow magnetic relaxations affected by the interchain antiferromagnetic interaction. The effective activation barriers, Δ_eff/<i>k</i>_B, for the reorientation of the magnetism for all complexes except <b>4</b> were estimated to be 25–39 K in the presence of a direct current (dc) field

Expression of interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20), an antiviral effector protein, in glomerular endothelial cells: possible involvement of ISG20 in lupus nephritis

AbstractBackground In addition to regulating the antiviral response, increased expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in resident renal cells plays a role in developing some forms of glomerulonephritis. TLR3 activation leads to type I interferon (IFN) production, which induces the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, the role of ISG20 expression in resident renal cells remains unclear.Methods Cultured normal human glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) were treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), R848, and CpG (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 agonists, respectively). The mRNA levels of ISG20, CX3CL1/fractalkine, and CXCL10/IP-10 were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. ISG20 protein expression was assessed by Western blotting. RNA interference was used to knockdown IFN-β and ISG20 expression. CX3CL1 protein levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We performed immunofluorescence to examine endothelial ISG20 expression in biopsy specimens from patients with lupus nephritis (LN).Results In GECs, the expression of ISG20 mRNA and protein was increased by polyIC, not by LPS, R848, or CpG treatment. Moreover, ISG20 knockdown prevented poly IC-induced CX3CL1 expression but had no effect on CXCL10 expression. Intense endothelial ISG20 immunoreactivity was observed in biopsy specimens obtained from patients with proliferative LN.Conclusion In GECs, ISG20 was regulated via TLR3 but not via TLR4, TLR7, or TLR9 signaling. Moreover, ISG20 was involved in regulating CX3CL1 production. In addition to regulating antiviral innate immunity, ISG20 may act as a mediator of CX3CL1 production, thereby inducing glomerular inflammation, particularly in patients with LN

Stereotactic body radiotherapy to treat small lung lesions clinically diagnosed as primary lung cancer by radiological examination: A prospective observational study

Objectives: Even with advanced image guidance, biopsies occasionally fail to diagnose small lung lesions, which are highly suggestive of primary lung cancer by radiological examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to treat small lung lesions clinically diagnosed as primary lung cancer.Materials and methods: This is a prospective, multi-institutional observation study. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined in a nation-wide consensus meeting and used to include patients who were clinically diagnosed with primary lung cancer using precise imaging modalities, for whom further surgical intervention was not feasible, who refused watchful waiting, and who were highly tolerable of SBRT with informed consent. SBRT was performed with 48 Gy in 4 fractions at the tumor isocenter.Results: From August 2009 to August 2014, 62 patients from 11 institutions were enrolled. Their median age was 80 years. The tumors ranged in size from 9 to 30 mm in diameter (median, 18 mm). The median follow-up interval was 55 months. The 3-year overall survival rate was 83.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 71.1–90.7%) for all the patients and 94.7% (95% CI 68.1–99.2%) for the patients younger than 75 years. Local failure, regional lymph node metastases and distant metastases occurred in 4 (6.4%), 3 (4.8%) and 11 (17.7%) patients, respectively. Grades 3 and 4 toxicities were observed in 8 (12.9%) patients and 1 (1.6%) patient, respectively. No grade 5 toxicities were observed.Conclusions: SBRT is safe and effective for patients with small lung lesions clinically diagnosed as primary lung cancer that satisfied the proposed strict indication criteria as previously reported. A prospective interventional study is required to ascertain if SBRT is an alternative strategy for these patients