Implications for the selection and training of hostage negotiators, through an analysis of hostage negotiation data

This thesis relates the empirical research to a broad background of globalisation and national policy relevant to this topic. It centres on identifying the implications for the selection and training of hostage negotiators and it seeks to achieve this by analysing deployment data and by exploring the experiences and perceptions of senior police officers involved in this field.This thesis consists of seven chapters in all. The first chapter provides a brief introduction to the background of the research and places the subject into context. Furthermore, it signals the significance of this unique empirical study and its desired effect on current national policy. It raises the core questions with which this research will engage and finally describes the whole thesis.The literature review is divided into two chapters. Chapter Two examines the literature relevant to this study. It will argue that there are many features of globalisation and some of these may be closely linked to modern terrorism. Initially, it seeks to orientate the reader to the various genres of terrorism; then various strands of globalisation will be discussed.Chapter Three is also a literature review and tensions surrounding the various strands of globalisation are considered as potential catalysts for terrorism. This literature review will also consider the current policies that shape police educational provision and, in particular, the selection and training of police hostage negotiators.The fourth chapter examines research methodologies, using both the quantitative and qualitative paradigms, and seeks to justify the rationale for the choice of research methods employed within this study. Also it illuminates issues pertinent to this research; in particular the difficulties faced by the researcher investigating subjects within the police environment and hostage negotiation in particular. Moreover, the key issues of gaining access to the service, ethical issues surrounding this research, collecting data and referencing policy within a sensitive environment will be examined.Both the fifth and sixth chapters not only analyse but also present the research data - the fifth chapter presents the quantitative data and provides an analysis of this and the sixth chapter analyses qualitative data gathered nationally, exploring the experiences and views of senior police officers involved within this field.Chapter Seven provides a review of the research questions and the data analysed. It will then provide conclusions on the research questions. Thereafter,· it will present a series of recommendations for the, improvement of the selection and training of hostage and crisis negotiators. Furthermore, it will consider the limitations of the study and finally it will suggest avenues for further investigation within the field

Improving Diabetic Outcomes with Caring Communication: Identifying Communication Patterning for the Human Diabetic

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of caring communication for people living with diabetes (PLD) and the relationship to diabetic outcomes. Caring communication has not been studied for improving diabetic outcomes. Randomized control trials (RCTs) direct care, however people do not do what they told, they need to be included in their care. PLD need a voice to establish what is important to them. Incorporating medical, communication, and nursing science as multidisciplinary approach within a theoretical framework can be predictive diabetic outcomes. Methods. A correlational cross sectional survey design study was done. A sample of 107 patients with diabetes from two clinics in Southern California participated. The sample was recruited from naturally occurring appointments schedules and patients were asked to complete the survey. A clinical record review followed for benchmark data. Results. Overall the PLD diabetes received care very close to benchmarks. The participant\u27s scored 88% indicating a high level of caring communication. Men approached significance to have A1c within normal limits [x² (1) = 3.73, p \u3c .053] compared to females. Gender, age, length of time with diabetes and caring communication predicted 65.3% to have A1c within normal limits; length of time with diabetes, synergy, sharing, reciprocity, and gender predicted 64.3% for have A1c within normal limits; caring communication, gender, age, and marital status predicted 69.3% of cases for having a SBP within normal limits; and time with diabetes, gender, synergy, sharing, and reciprocity predicated 68.3% of the cases to have a SBP within normal limits. Conclusions. Caring communication does influence diabetic outcomes. Females tend to have better A1c than men. As one increases time with diabetes, there outcomes tend to be better than newly diagnosed people with diabetes. Shared decision making, exploring possibilities, not feeling intimidated by the healthcare providers are important for better diabetic outcomes

Pliocene-Pleistocene radiolarian biostratigraphy and paleoclimatology at DSDP Site 278 on the Antarctic Convergence : [with 3 plates (16+16+12 photos)]

Siliceous-rich sediments of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene age at DSDP Site 278, located on the Antarctic Convergence, contain an excellent radiolarian biostratigraphic and paleoclimatic record. The radiolarian zonation indicates that the middle Pliocene is missing in a diconformity. Three radiolarian zones are recognized above the disconformity, and from comparison with previous piston core studies, indicate a continuous biostratigraphic sequence from the early part of the Brunhes Normal paleomagnetic epoch (0.69 m.y. B.P.) to the earliest part of the Matuyama Reversed Epoch (2.40 m.y. B.P.). Oscillations in the frequency of the cool-water radiolarian Antarctissa strelkovi indicate 9 or 10 warm-water episodes during that part of the Matuyama Reversed Epoch represented, with one warm-water episode inferred to be missing in the disconformity. The most important radiolarian species are illustrated by SEM and LM photographs

The opening of the Tasmanian Gateway drove global Cenozoic paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes: Results of Leg 189

Among the greatest successes of the Ocean Drilling Program were the concerted drilling efforts and exciting results recovered from the Southern Ocean (SO) surrounding Antarctica. Scientific drilling in the SO and on the Antarctic margin has recovered material from hundreds of sites for scientific analysis. The dynamic nature of ice sheet development and ice/margin interactions through time has been observed, as has the role that the SO plays in the development and persistence of Antarctic glaciation. The SO has been documented as a sensitive mixing pool of global water masses that is at times a locus of high biological sedimentation. Also, the SO has been found to contain high‐resolution records of climate forcing and response, and as such it may hold clues to future climate

Differences in Selected Characteristics Between Departments of Vocational Agriculture in Oklahoma That Exhibit Livestock on the State Level and Those That Do Not

Agriculture Educatio

Possible world-wide middle miocene iridium anomaly and its relationship to periodicity of impacts and extinctions

In a study of one million years of Middle Miocene sediment deposition in ODP Hole 689B in the Weddell Sea near Antarctica, a single iridium (Ir) anomaly of 44 (+ or - 10) x 10 to the 12th gram Ir per gram rock (ppt) was observed in core 6H, section 3, 50 to 60 cm, after background contributions associated with manganese precipitates and clay are subtracted. The ODP Hole 689B is 10,000 km away from another site, DSDP Hole 588B in the Tasman Sea north of New Zealand, where a single Ir anomaly of 144 + or - 7 ppt over a background of 11 ppt was found in an earlier study of 3 million years of deposition. From chemical measurements the latter deposition was thought to be impact-related. Ir measurements were made, following neutron activation, with the Iridium Coincidence Spectrometer. The age vs depth calibration curves given in the DSDP and ODP preliminary reports indicate the ages of the Iranomalies are identical, 11.7 million years, but the absolute and relative uncertainties in the curves are not known. Based on the newest age data the age estimate is 10 million years. As the Ir was deposited at the two sites at about the same time and they are one quarter of the way around the world from each other it seems likely that the deposition was world-wide. The impact of a large asteroid or comet could produce the wide distribution, and this data is supportive of the impact relationship deduced for Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) 588B from the chemical evidence. If the surface densities of Ir at the two sites are representative of the world-wide average, the diameter of a Cl type asteroid containing the necessary Ir would be 3 + or - 1 km, which is large enough to cause world-wide darkness and hence extinctions although the latter point is disputed

Evidence of volcanic ash at a K-T boundary section: Ocean drilling program hole 690 C, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea off East Antarctica

Rare vitric volcanogenic ash but more abundant clay minerals considered volcanogenic in origin are associated with an expanded and essentially complete K-T boundary sequence from Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) Hole 690 C on Maud Rise in the Weddell Sea off East Antarctica. Results at this writing are preliminary and are still based to some extent on shipboard descriptions. Further shore-based studies are in progress. It would appear, however, that the presence of volcanic ash and altered ash in the Danian section beginning at the biostratigraphically and paleomagnetically determined K-T boundary on Maud Rise can be cited as evidence of significant volcanic activity within the South Atlantic-Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean coincident with the time of biotic crises at the end of the Maestrichtian. This is a postulated time of tectonic and volcanic activity within this Southern Hemisphere region, including possible initiation of the Reunion hot spot and a peak in explosive volcanism on Walvis Ridge (1) among other events. A causal relationship with the biotic crisis is possible and volcanism should be given serious consideration as a testable working hypothesis to explain these extinctions

Tectonic history of northern New Caledonia Basin from deep offshore seismic reflection: Relation to late Eocene obduction in New Caledonia, southwest Pacific

International audienceNew, high-quality multichannel seismic reflection data from the western New Caledonia offshore domain allow for the first time the direct, continuous connection of seismic reflectors between the Deep Sea Drilling Project 208 drill hole on the Lord Howe Rise and the New Caledonia Basin. A novel seismic interpretation is hence proposed for the northern New Caledonia Basin stratigraphy, which places the Eocene/Oligocene unconformity deeper than previously thought and revisits the actual thickness of the pre-Oligocene sequences. A causal link is proposed between the obduction of the South Loyalty Basin over New Caledonia (NC) and the tectonic history of the northern New Caledonia Basin. Here it is suggested that as the South Loyalty Basin was being obducted during early Oligocene times, the NC Basin subsided under the effect of the overloading and underthrusted to accommodate the compressional deformation, which resulted in (1) the uplift of the northern Fairway Ridge and (2) the sinking of the western flank of New Caledonia. This event also had repercussions farther west with the incipient subsidence of the Lord Howe Rise

Wildfire and Abrupt Ecosystem Disruption on California\u27s Northern Channel Islands at the Allerod-Younger Dryas Boundary (13.0-12.9 ka)

Sedimentary records from California\u27s Northern Channel Islands and the adjacent Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) indicate intense regional biomass burning (wildfire) at the Ållerød–Younger Dryas boundary (~13.0–12.9 ka) (All age ranges in this paper are expressed in thousands of calendar years before present [ka]. Radiocarbon ages will be identified and clearly marked “14C years”.). Multiproxy records in SBB Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) Site 893 indicate that these wildfires coincided with the onset of regional cooling and an abrupt vegetational shift from closed montane forest to more open habitats. Abrupt ecosystem disruption is evident on the Northern Channel Islands at the Ållerød–Younger Dryas boundary with the onset of biomass burning and resulting mass sediment wasting of the landscape. These wildfires coincide with the extinction of Mammuthus exilis [pygmy mammoth]. The earliest evidence for human presence on these islands at 13.1–12.9 ka (~11,000–10,900 14C years) is followed by an apparent 600–800 year gap in the archaeological record, which is followed by indications of a larger-scale colonization after 12.2 ka. Although a number of processes could have contributed to a post 18 ka decline in M. exilis populations (e.g., reduction of habitat due to sea-level rise and human exploitation of limited insular populations), we argue that the ultimate demise of M. exilis was more likely a result of continental scale ecosystem disruption that registered across North America at the onset of the Younger Dryas cooling episode, contemporaneous with the extinction of other megafaunal taxa. Evidence for ecosystem disruption at 13–12.9 ka on these offshore islands is consistent with the Younger Dryas boundary cosmic impact hypothesis [Firestone, R.B., West, A., Kennett, J.P., Becker, L., Bunch, T.E., Revay, Z.S., Schultz, P.H., Belgya, T., Kennett, D.J., Erlandson, J.M., Dickenson, O.J., Goodyear, A.A., Harris, R.S., Howard, G.A., Kloosterman, J.B., Lechler, P., Mayewski, P.A., Montgomery, J., Poreda, R., Darrah, T., Que Hee, S.S., Smith, A.R., Stich, A., Topping, W., Wittke, J.H. Wolbach, W.S., 2007. Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and Younger Dryas cooling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 16016–16021.]