Foreword

Industrins energianvändning medför koldioxidutsläpp som bidrar till klimatförändringar. Inom EU och Sverige eftersträvas en konkurrenskraftig industri. För att uppnå båda delarna förespråkas det att företag energieffektiviserar och minskar sin energianvändning. Trots att energieffektivisering ofta är kostnadseffektivt existerar det ändå ett energieffektiviseringsgap där kostnadseffektiva åtgärder inte implementeras av olika anledningar. Energinätverk kan då vara ett potentiellt arbetssätt som medför energieffektivisering och bidrar till företagsutveckling. I EU och Sverige ges redan finansiellt stöd som kan medföra att energinätverk bildas för såväl små och medelstora företag som för stora företag. Det existerar otaliga projektvarianter på energinätverk med olika uppbyggnad och utförande. Kunskapen om dessa nätverk inriktade mot energieffektivisering och energianvändning är begränsad. Arbetets syfte är därför att kartlägga svenska energinätverk för att kunna avgöra om de fungerar väl genom att utvärdera dem från ett samhällsperspektiv. För att identifiera energinätverk skedde insamling av dokument och intervjuer där slumpmässiga val tilläts i form av snöbollsmetoden. En bakomliggande förstudie har också genomförts där 8 energinätverk identifierats, vilka integrerats som en del i arbetets kartläggning. Sammantaget resulterade det i att identifiera 35 nätverksprojekt som kan bestå av enstaka nätverk, flera nätverk eller utgöra etapper för ett enskilt nätverk. De identifierade energinätverken är indelade efter större nätverk samt övriga nätverk som delats in i fyra generella nätverksformer: kluster, industridistrikt, regionala strategiska nätverk och strategiska nätverk samt alternativa nätverksformer för nätverk som inte kunde placeras in. En utvärdering har utförts med hjälp av programteori på det bakomliggande styrmedlet ”Ansökan om stöd till informations-, utbildnings- och samverkansprojekt 2013-2014” där det framkom att stödet tillåter en rad olika energinätverk och kan egentligen inte ses som särskilt styrande när det gäller utformning och genomförande av ett energinätverk. Vidare rekommenderas det att en separering görs för samverkansprojekt i form av energinätverk då det kan medföra mer riktade och konkreta energinätverk med tydligare mål och uppföljning. Detta tillåter fortfarande en variation på nätverkens uppbyggnad. Energinätverk med ett effektivt informations- och kunskapsutbyte har potentialen att medföra en innovativ företagsutveckling. Energinätverk utan en offentlig finansiering verkar inte initieras i Sverige. Avsiktsförklaringar eller avtal i de strategiska nätverken tros leda till att konkreta resultat har redovisats för nätverksprojekten i större grad än för de regionala strategiska nätverken. För de större energinätverken rekommenderas en fortsatt branschinriktning eftersom deras energianvändning är mer komplicerad att kartlägga. De övriga energinätverken bör istället prioritera intresserade deltagare som har möjlighet att träffas och sedan branschanpassa om möjligt. Detta då flera nätverksprojekt har vittnat om problem med nätverksbildandet som går ut över projektets genomförande. Vidare framstår skapandet av effektiva energinätverk som en mognadsprocess där flera bakomliggande projekt kan vara en anledning till ett kartlagt nätverksprojekt. Slutligen behövs det forskning på hur deltagande företag ser på energinätverk som ett stödjande och utvecklande styrmedel.The industrial energy use causes carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. Simultaneously within EU and Sweden a competitive industry is pursued. In the aim to achieve both aspects energy efficiency and a reduced energy use is advocated for companies. Although energy efficiency often is cost-effective there exists an energy efficiency gap where cost-effective measures remain unimplemented for different reasons. Energy efficiency networks can in this case be a potential approach for increasing the degree of implementation, resulting in energy efficiency and company development. Financial support is already given from EU and Sweden that could lead to energy efficiency networks, for both small and medium-sized enterprises as well as for large enterprises. There exist numerous projects variations in energy efficiency networks with different structures and designs. The knowledge of these networks aimed towards energy efficiency and energy use is very limited. The aim of this work is therefore to identify Swedish energy efficiency networks in order to determine whether they work well by evaluating them from a public perspective. To identify energy efficiency networks documents where collected and interviews were held in which random selection was allowed in the form of snowball method. An underlying study has previously been carried out in which a number of networks was identified, which are integrated as a part of the work identification. Overall, this resulted in the identification of 35 different networks projects, which may consist of a single network, multiple networks or stages of a single network. The identified energy networks are divided by larger networks and other networks that have been split into four general networks forms cluster, industrial districts, regional strategic networks and strategic networks as well as alternative network forms for the networks that could not be associated. An evaluation has been performed on the underlying policy instrument “Application for financial support to information, education and collaborative projects 2013-2014” which stated that the support allows a wide range of energy efficiency networks and cannot be seen as a particular ruling in the design and implementation of an energy efficiency network. Furthermore it is recommended that a separation is made for collaborative projects in the form of energy efficiency networks in the support system since it would likely lead to more target and specific energy efficiency networks with clearer objectives and follow up. This would still allow a very large variety of network constructions. Energy efficiency networks with an efficient information and knowledge sharing has the potential to make enterprises more innovative. However, energy efficiency networks without an initial public financing does not seem to be initialized spontaneously in Sweden. Letters of intent or agreements in the strategic networks are believed to lead into reports with concrete results unlike for the regional strategic networks with no agreements. For the larger energy efficiency networks there is a point with being branch-specific because their energy use is more complex to audit. The other energy efficiency networks should instead find interested participants primarily. In combination with this, the participants should have the opportunity to meet and later on branch adapt if possible. This is because several network projects have stated problems with network formation that affects the projects. Furthermore, it appears that the creation of an efficient energy efficiency network sometimes is a maturation process in which several underlying projects can be a reason for an identified network project. Finally, we need further research on how the participating enterprises see energy efficiency networks as a supporting and developmental instrument

Constraining the Federal Trade Commission: The Case of Occupational Regulation

Finding that much of state regulation of occupations restricts entry into the market and thereby limits the choices that consumers can make for themselves, the authors examine FTC efforts to change this regulation. The authors consider the Commission itself, the Congress, and the courts to analyze the likely outcome of the FTC\u27s efforts. Because the FTC has had a long history of hostility toward market forces, the authors find the agency likely to impose some new rules upon occupations. After arguing that Congress\u27 power to control FTC action is ineffective, absent the rare situation of a hostile political environment, the authors state that a new administrative law is developing that provides increased judicial scrutiny of agency rulemaking. This more stringent judicial review makes deregulation easier because it facilitates removal of licensure programs and makes imposition of new regulation more difficult. The authors urge that the courts end anti-consumer rulemaking by requiring that the. benefits from actions mandated by agency rules exceed their costs, thereby achieving the actual goal of the FTC: bettering the welfare of the consumer

The effects of theaflavin-enriched black tea extract on muscle soreness, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine responses to acute anaerobic interval training: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Muscle soreness and decreased performance often follow a bout of high-intensity exercise. By reducing these effects, an athlete can train more frequently and increase long-term performance. The purpose of this study is to examine whether a high-potency, black tea extract (BTE) alters the delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), oxidative stress, inflammation, and cortisol (CORT) responses to high-intensity anaerobic exercise.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>College-age males (N = 18) with 1+ yrs of weight training experience completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Subjects consumed the BTE (1,760 mg BTE·d^-1) or placebo (PLA) for 9 days. Each subject completed two testing sessions (T1 & T2), which occurred on day 7 of the intervention. T1 & T2 consisted of a 30 s Wingate Test plus eight 10 s intervals. Blood samples were obtained before, 0, 30 & 60 min following the interval sessions and were used to analyze the total to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG), 8-isoprostane (8-iso), CORT, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion. DOMS was recorded at 24 & 48 h post-test using a visual analog scale while BTE or PLA continued to be administered. Significance was set at <it>P < 0.05</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared to PLA, BTE produced significantly higher average peak power (<it>P = 0.013</it>) and higher average mean power (<it>P = 0.067</it>) across nine WAnT intervals. BTE produced significantly lower DOMS compared to PLA at 24 h post test (<it>P < 0.001</it>) and 48 h post test (<it>P < 0.001</it>). Compared to PLA, BTE had a slightly higher GSH:GSSG ratio at baseline which became significantly higher at 30 and 60 min post test (<it>P < 0.002</it>). AUC analysis revealed BTE to elicit significantly lower GSSG secretion (<it>P = 0.009</it>), significantly higher GSH:GSSG ratio (<it>P = 0.001</it>), and lower CORT secretion (<it>P = 0.078</it>) than PLA. AUC analysis did not reveal a significant difference in total IL-6 response (<it>P = 0.145</it>) between conditions.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Consumption of theaflavin-enriched black tea extract led to improved recovery and a reduction in oxidative stress and DOMS responses to acute anaerobic intervals. An improved rate of recovery can benefit all individuals engaging in high intensity, anaerobic exercise as it facilitates increased frequency of exercise.</p

Genome variation and population structure among 1142 mosquitoes of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii

Mosquito control remains a central pillar of efforts to reduce malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa. However, insecticide resistance is entrenched in malaria vector populations, and countries with a high malaria burden face a daunting challenge to sustain malaria control with a limited set of surveillance and intervention tools. Here we report on the second phase of a project to build an open resource of high-quality data on genome variation among natural populations of the major African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. We analyzed whole genomes of 1142 individual mosquitoes sampled from the wild in 13 African countries, as well as a further 234 individuals comprising parents and progeny of 11 laboratory crosses. The data resource includes high-confidence single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calls at 57 million variable sites, genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) calls, and haplotypes phased at biallelic SNPs. We use these data to analyze genetic population structure and characterize genetic diversity within and between populations. We illustrate the utility of these data by investigating species differences in isolation by distance, genetic variation within proposed gene drive target sequences, and patterns of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. This data resource provides a foundation for developing new operational systems for molecular surveillance and for accelerating research and development of new vector control tools. It also provides a unique resource for the study of population genomics and evolutionary biology in eukaryotic species with high levels of genetic diversity under strong anthropogenic evolutionary pressures

How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale

Recent research on the microfoundations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has highlighted the need for improved measures to evaluate how stakeholders perceive and subsequently react to CSR initiatives. Drawing on stakeholder theory and data from five samples of employees (N = 3,772), the authors develop and validate a new measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR), which refers to an organization’s context-specific actions and policies designed to enhance the welfare of various stakeholder groups by accounting for the triple bottom line of economic, social, and environmental performance; it is conceptualized as a superordinate, multidimensional construct. Results from exploratory factor analyses, first- and second-order confirmatory factor analyses, and structural equation modeling provide strong evidence of the convergent, discriminant, incremental, and criterion-related validities of the proposed CStR scale. Two-wave longitudinal studies further extend prior theory by demonstrating that the higher-order CStR construct relates positively and directly to organizational pride and perceived organizational support, as well as positively and indirectly to organizational identification, job satisfaction, and affective commitment, beyond the contribution of overall organizational justice, ethical climate, and prior measures of perceived CSR

Resistance to pirimiphos-methyl in West African Anopheles is spreading via duplication and introgression of the Ace1 locus

Vector population control using insecticides is a key element of current strategies to prevent malaria transmission in Africa. The introduction of effective insecticides, such as the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl, is essential to overcome the recurrent emergence of resistance driven by the highly diverse Anopheles genomes. Here, we use a population genomic approach to investigate the basis of pirimiphos-methyl resistance in the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and A. coluzzii. A combination of copy number variation and a single non-synonymous substitution in the acetylcholinesterase gene, Ace1, provides the key resistance diagnostic in an A. coluzzii population from Coˆte d’Ivoire that we used for sequence-based association mapping, with replication in other West African populations. The Ace1 substitution and duplications occur on a unique resistance haplotype that evolved in A. gambiae and introgressed into A. coluzzii, and is now common in West Africa primarily due to selection imposed by other organophosphate or carbamate insecticides. Our findings highlight the predictive value of this complex resistance haplotype for phenotypic resistance and clarify its evolutionary history, providing tools to for molecular surveillance of the current and future effectiveness of pirimiphos-methyl based interventions

Sensory Communication

Contains table of contents for Section 2, an introduction and reports on fifteen research projects.National Institutes of Health Grant RO1 DC00117National Institutes of Health Grant RO1 DC02032National Institutes of Health Contract P01-DC00361National Institutes of Health Contract N01-DC22402National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Grant 2 R01 DC00126National Institutes of Health Grant 2 R01 DC00270National Institutes of Health Contract N01 DC-5-2107National Institutes of Health Grant 2 R01 DC00100U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research/Naval Air Warfare Center Contract N61339-94-C-0087U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research/Naval Air Warfare Center Contract N61339-95-K-0014U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research/Naval Air Warfare Center Grant N00014-93-1-1399U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research/Naval Air Warfare Center Grant N00014-94-1-1079U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Subcontract 40167U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-92-J-1814National Institutes of Health Grant R01-NS33778U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-88-K-0604National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NCC 2-771U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Grant F49620-94-1-0236U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Agreement with Brandeis Universit