Comment on Reply to Comment of Finger et al. (2013) on: 'Evidence for an Early-Middle Miocene age of the Navidad Formation (central Chile): Paleontological, paleoclimatic and tectonic implications' of Gutiérrez et al. (2013, Andean Geology 40 (1): 66-78)

Indexación: Web of Science; ScieloIn their answer to our Comment (Finger et al., 2013), Le Roux et al. (2013) misunderstand several of our remarks and present what we view as f lawed arguments, principally their case for a shallow-marine environment for part of the Navidad Formation. We do not wish to see this exchange evolve into an endless discussion, but we feel obligated to clarify some points. We think this is necessary because of history and importance of the Navidad Formation as the reference for the marine Miocene of Chile. Here we also expound upon some concepts relevant to the distinction between shallow-and deep-marine environments

IT BENEFITS MANGEMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY

Information technology (IT) is increasingly presented as a driving force for service and efficiency improvement in local governments. However, achieving these goals in creating value from IT investments is a significant challenge for local government organizations. Practitioners and researchers have proposed numerous approaches to IT benefits management, but our knowledge of current practices and capabilities in local government IT management is still limited. Thus, in this paper we present an investigation of what characterizes IT benefits management in local government in order to understand and improve current practices. Through a comparative case study of two Danish municipalities, we have analyzed the different characteristics of benefits management. Based on this analysis we propose an initial framework for understanding IT benefits management in local government

Fuel use and emissions for non road machinery in Denmark 1985- 2020

This paper explains the new Danish 1985-2020 emission inventory for non road machinery. Stock and operational data are from different statistical sources, research institutes, relevant professional bodies and machinery manufacturers. Updated fuel use and emission factors originate from various measurement programmes. Future factors are tailored to the current EU emission legislation. Beyond the basic calculation approach, the emission computations take into account the effects from engine deterioration, transient loads and gasoline evaporation. The major source of NOx and PM emissions are diesel engines. Most of the HC and CO emissions come from gasoline machinery. From 1985 to 2020, the total fuel use and the emissions of HC, NOx and PM decrease by 7, 43, 62 and 87%, respectively, whereas the CO emissions increase by 7%. In the forecast period from 2005-2020, the percentage NOx and PM emission reductions are almost the same as for road traffic. For HC, the reduction percentage is somewhat smaller, whereas for CO the emission development is so poor, that non road machinery ends up being the largest source of emissions by the end of the forecast period. The availability of new non road emission factors is very useful for other European countries, and work should be done to include these data in the European EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook

Fuel use and emissions for non road machinery in Denmark 1985- 2020

This paper explains the new Danish 1985-2020 emission inventory for non road machinery. Stock and operational data are from different statistical sources, research institutes, relevant professional bodies and machinery manufacturers. Updated fuel use and emission factors originate from various measurement programmes. Future factors are tailored to the current EU emission legislation. Beyond the basic calculation approach, the emission computations take into account the effects from engine deterioration, transient loads and gasoline evaporation. The major source of NOx and PM emissions are diesel engines. Most of the HC and CO emissions come from gasoline machinery. From 1985 to 2020, the total fuel use and the emissions of HC, NOx and PM decrease by 7, 43, 62 and 87%, respectively, whereas the CO emissions increase by 7%. In the forecast period from 2005-2020, the percentage NOx and PM emission reductions are almost the same as for road traffic. For HC, the reduction percentage is somewhat smaller, whereas for CO the emission development is so poor, that non road machinery ends up being the largest source of emissions by the end of the forecast period. The availability of new non road emission factors is very useful for other European countries, and work should be done to include these data in the European EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook

On the Application of Zone Flooding in a Traffic Warning System

The LIWAS Traffic Warning System aims at providing early warning to vehicles about slippery conditions on the road. The LIWAS system is currently under development and consists of two main parts: sensors for measuring and classifying the state of the road, and a communication infrastructure for distributing road-state information to vehicles. This paper concentrates on the communication infrastructure, and considers the application of zone flooding for implementing the distribution of road-state information. Zone flooding combines flooding and geocasting to distribute road-state information in a geographically bounded area. To evaluate the applicability of zone flooding in the LIWAS system, a simulation model has been created using the Network Simulator 2. The simulation model captures a representative road-scenario and has been used to evaluate several flooding protocols when used to implement zone flooding. The primary evaluationcriteria are the load on the network and the capability to warn other vehicles in time