Early ultraviolet/optical emission of the type Ib SN 2008D

We propose an alternative explanation for the post-breakout emission of SN 2008D associated with the X-ray transient 080109. Observations of this object show a very small contrast of 0.35 dex between the light-curve minimum occurring soon after the breakout, and the main luminosity peak which is due to radioactive heating of the ejecta. Hydrodynamical models show that the cooling of a shocked Wolf-Rayet star leads to a much greater difference (≳ 0.9 dex). Our proposed scenario is that of a jet produced during the explosion which deposits 56Ni-rich material in the outer layers of the ejecta. The presence of high-velocity radioactive material allows us to reproduce the complete luminosity evolution of the object. Without outer 56Ni it could be possible to reproduce the early emission purely from cooling of the shocked envelope by assuming a larger progenitor than a Wolf-Rayet star, but that would require an initial density structure significantly different from what is predicted by stellar evolution models. Analytic models of the cooling phase have been proposed reproduce the early emission of SN 2008D with an extended progenitor. However, we found that the models are valid only until 1.5 days after the explosion where only two data of SN 2008D are available. We also discuss the possibility of the interaction of the ejecta with a binary companion, based on published analytic expressions. However, the binary separation required to fit the early emission should be ≲ 3 R ⊙, which is too small for a system containing two massive stars.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica

Early ultraviolet/optical emission of the type Ib SN 2008D

We propose an alternative explanation for the post-breakout emission of SN 2008D associated with the X-ray transient 080109. Observations of this object show a very small contrast of 0.35 dex between the light-curve minimum occurring soon after the breakout, and the main luminosity peak which is due to radioactive heating of the ejecta. Hydrodynamical models show that the cooling of a shocked Wolf-Rayet star leads to a much greater difference (≳ 0.9 dex). Our proposed scenario is that of a jet produced during the explosion which deposits 56Ni-rich material in the outer layers of the ejecta. The presence of high-velocity radioactive material allows us to reproduce the complete luminosity evolution of the object. Without outer 56Ni it could be possible to reproduce the early emission purely from cooling of the shocked envelope by assuming a larger progenitor than a Wolf-Rayet star, but that would require an initial density structure significantly different from what is predicted by stellar evolution models. Analytic models of the cooling phase have been proposed reproduce the early emission of SN 2008D with an extended progenitor. However, we found that the models are valid only until 1.5 days after the explosion where only two data of SN 2008D are available. We also discuss the possibility of the interaction of the ejecta with a binary companion, based on published analytic expressions. However, the binary separation required to fit the early emission should be ≲ 3 R ⊙, which is too small for a system containing two massive stars.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica

Early ultraviolet/optical emission of the type Ib SN 2008D

We propose an alternative explanation for the post-breakout emission of SN 2008D associated with the X-ray transient 080109. Observations of this object show a very small contrast of 0.35 dex between the light-curve minimum occurring soon after the breakout, and the main luminosity peak which is due to radioactive heating of the ejecta. Hydrodynamical models show that the cooling of a shocked Wolf-Rayet star leads to a much greater difference (≳ 0.9 dex). Our proposed scenario is that of a jet produced during the explosion which deposits 56Ni-rich material in the outer layers of the ejecta. The presence of high-velocity radioactive material allows us to reproduce the complete luminosity evolution of the object. Without outer 56Ni it could be possible to reproduce the early emission purely from cooling of the shocked envelope by assuming a larger progenitor than a Wolf-Rayet star, but that would require an initial density structure significantly different from what is predicted by stellar evolution models. Analytic models of the cooling phase have been proposed reproduce the early emission of SN 2008D with an extended progenitor. However, we found that the models are valid only until 1.5 days after the explosion where only two data of SN 2008D are available. We also discuss the possibility of the interaction of the ejecta with a binary companion, based on published analytic expressions. However, the binary separation required to fit the early emission should be ≲ 3 R ⊙, which is too small for a system containing two massive stars.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica

Supernova Nucleosynthesis in Population III 13 -- 50 M⊙M_{\odot} Stars and Abundance Patterns of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars

We perform hydrodynamical and nucleosynthesis calculations of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) and hypernovae (HNe) of Population (Pop) III stars. We provide new yields for the main-sequence mass of $M_{\rm MS}=13-50$ $M_{\odot}$ and the explosion energy of $E=1-40\times10^{51}$ ergs to apply for chemical evolution studies. Our HN yields based on the mixing-fallback model of explosions reproduce the observed abundance patterns of extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars ($-4< {\rm [Fe/H]}< -3$), while those of very metal-poor (VMP) stars ($-3<{\rm [Fe/H]} < -2$) are reproduced by the normal SN yields integrated over the Salpeter initial mass function. Moreover, the observed trends of abundance ratios [X/Fe] against [Fe/H] with small dispersions for the EMP stars can be reproduced as a sequence resulting from the various combination of $M_{\rm MS}$ and $E$. This is because we adopt the empirical relation that a larger amount of Fe is ejected by more massive HNe. Our results imply that the observed trends with small dispersions do not necessarily mean the rapid homogeneous mixing in the early galactic halo at [Fe/H] $< -3$, but can be reproduced by the ``inhomogeneous'' chemical evolution model. In addition, we examine how the modifications of the distributions of the electron mole fraction $Y_{\rm e}$ and the density in the presupernova models improve the agreement with observations. In this connection, we discuss possible contributions of nucleosynthesis in the neutrino-driven wind and the accretion disk.Comment: 45 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (10 May 2007, v660n2 issue). Moved from Supplements to Part

Models for the Type Ic Hypernova SN 2003lw associated with GRB 031203

The Gamma-Ray Burst 031203 at a redshift z=0.1055 revealed a highly reddened Type Ic Supernova, SN 2003lw, in its afterglow light. This is the third well established case of a link between a long-duration GRB and a type Ic SN. The SN light curve is obtained subtracting the galaxy contribution and is modelled together with two spectra at near-maximum epochs. A red VLT grism 150I spectrum of the SN near peak is used to extend the spectral coverage, and in particular to constrain the uncertain reddening, the most likely value for which is E_{G+H}(B-V) about 1.07 +/- 0.05. Accounting for reddening, SN 2003lw is about 0.3 mag brighter than the prototypical GRB-SN 1998bw. Light curve models yield a 56Ni mass of about 0.55 solar mass. The optimal explosion model is somewhat more massive (ejecta mass about 13 solar mass) and energetic (kinetic energy about 6 times 10^52 erg) than the model for SN 1998bw, implying a massive progenitor (40 - 50 solar mass). The mass at high velocity is not very large (1.4 solar mass above 30000 km/s, but only 0.1 solar mass above 60000 km/s), but is sufficient to cause the observed broad lines. The similarity of SNe 2003lw and 1998bw and the weakness of their related GRBs, GRB031203 and GRB980425, suggest that both GRBs may be normal events viewed slightly off-axis or a weaker but possibly more frequent type of GRB.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

SN 2016jhj at redshift 0.34: extending the Type II supernova Hubble diagram using the standard candle method

Although Type Ia supernova cosmology has now reached a mature state, it is important to develop as many independent methods as possible to understand the true nature of dark energy. Recent studies have shown that Type II supernovae (SNe II) offer such a path and could be used as alternative distance indicators. However, the majority of these studies were unable to extend the Hubble diagram above redshift z = 0.3 because of observational limitations. Here, we show that we are now ready to move beyond low redshifts and attempt high-redshift (z ≳ 0.3) SN II cosmology as a result of new-generation deep surveys such as the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. Applying the ´standard candle method´ to SN 2016jhj (z = 0.3398 ± 0.0002; discovered by HSC) together with a low-redshift sample, we are able to construct the highest-redshift SN II Hubble diagram to date with an observed dispersion of 0.27 mag (i.e. 12-13 per cent in distance). This work demonstrates the bright future of SN II cosmology in the coming era of large, wide-field surveys like that of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.Fil: de Jaeger, T.. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Galbany, L.. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown; Estados UnidosFil: Filippenko, A. V.. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: González Gaitán, S.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Yasuda, N.. University of Tokio; JapónFil: Maeda, K.. University of Tokio; JapónFil: Tanaka, M.. University of Tokio; JapónFil: Morokuma, T.. University of Tokio; JapónFil: Moriya, T. J.. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; JapónFil: Tominaga, N.. University of Tokyo; JapónFil: Nomoto, Ken’ichi. University of Tokyo; JapónFil: Komiyama, Y.. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; JapónFil: Anderson, J. P.. European Southern Observatory; ChileFil: Brink, T. G.. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Carlberg, R. G.. University of Toronto; CanadáFil: Folatelli, Gaston. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentina. University of Tokyo; JapónFil: Hamuy, M.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Pignata, G.. Universidad Andrés Bello; ChileFil: Zheng, W.. University of California at Berkeley; Estados Unido

Galactic chemical evolution : Carbon through zinc

Copyright © 2006. The American Astronomical Society. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the final published version of the work, which was originally published at https://doi.org/10.1086/508914We calculate the evolution of heavy-element abundances from C to Zn in the solar neighborhood, adopting our new nucleosynthesis yields. Our yields are calculated for wide ranges of metallicity (Z = 0-Z circle dot) and the explosion energy (normal supernovae and hypernovae), based on the light-curve and spectra fitting of individual supernovae. The elemental abundance ratios are in good agreement with observations. Among the alpha-elements, O, Mg, Si, S, and Ca show a plateau at [Fe/H] <= -1, while Ti is underabundant overall. The observed abundance of Zn ([Zn/Fe] similar to 0) can be explained only by the high-energy explosion models, as it requires a large contribution of hypernovae. The observed decrease in the odd-Z elements (Na, Al, and Cu) toward low [Fe/H] is reproduced by the metallicity effect on nucleosynthesis. The iron-peak elements (Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni) are consistent with the observed mean values at -2.5 less than or similar to [Fe/H] less than or similar to -1, and the observed trend at the lower metallicity can be explained by the energy effect. We also show the abundance ratios and the metallicity distribution functions of the Galactic bulge, halo, and thick disk. Our results suggest that the formation timescale of the thick disk is similar to 1-3 Gyr.Peer reviewe

Signature of Electron Capture in Iron-Rich Ejecta of SN 2003du

Late-time near-infrared and optical spectra are presented for the normal-bright SN2003du. At about 300 days after the explosion, the emission profiles of well isolated [FeII] lines (in particular that of the strong 1.644mu feature) trace out the global kinematic distribution of radioactive material in the expanding. In SN2003du, the 1.644 mu [FeII] line shows a flat-topped, profile, indicative of a thick but hollow-centered expanding shell, rather than a strongly-peaked profile that would be expected from a ``center-filled'' distribution.Based on detailed models for exploding Chandrasekhar mass white dwarfs, we show that the feature is consistent with spherical explosion models.Our model predicts central region of non-radioactive electron-capture elements up to 2500--3000km/s as a consequence of burning under high density, and an extended region of 56Ni up to 9,000--10,000km/s. Furthermore our analysis indicates that the 1.644mu [FeII] profile is not consistent with strong mixing between the regions of electron- capture isotopes and the 56Ni layers as is predicted by detailed 3D models for nuclear deflagration fronts. We discuss the possibility that the flat-topped profile could be produced as a result of an infrared catastrophe and conclude that such an explanation is unlikely. We put our results in context to other SNeIa and briefly discuss the implications of our result for the use of SNe Ia as cosmological standard candles.Comment: 12 pages + 8 figures, ApJ (in press, Dec. 20, 2004) For high resolution figures send E-mail to [email protected]

SN 2016jhj at redshift 0.34: extending the Type II supernova Hubble diagram using the standard candle method

Although Type Ia supernova cosmology has now reached a mature state, it is important to develop as many independent methods as possible to understand the true nature of dark energy. Recent studies have shown that Type II supernovae (SNe II) offer such a path and could be used as alternative distance indicators. However, the majority of these studies were unable to extend the Hubble diagram above redshift z = 0.3 because of observational limitations. Here, we show that we are now ready to move beyond low redshifts and attempt high-redshift (z ≳ 0.3) SN II cosmology as a result of new-generation deep surveys such as the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. Applying the "standard candle method" to SN 2016jhj (z = 0.3398 ± 0.0002; discovered by HSC) together with a low-redshift sample, we are able to construct the highest-redshift SN II Hubble diagram to date with an observed dispersion of 0.27 mag (i.e. 12-13% in distance). This work demonstrates the bright future of SN II cosmology in the coming era of large, wide-field surveys like that of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y GeofísicasInstituto de Astrofísica de La Plat

SN 2016jhj at redshift 0.34: extending the Type II supernova Hubble diagram using the standard candle method

Although Type Ia supernova cosmology has now reached a mature state, it is important to develop as many independent methods as possible to understand the true nature of dark energy. Recent studies have shown that Type II supernovae (SNe II) offer such a path and could be used as alternative distance indicators. However, the majority of these studies were unable to extend the Hubble diagram above redshift z = 0.3 because of observational limitations. Here, we show that we are now ready to move beyond low redshifts and attempt high-redshift (z ≳ 0.3) SN II cosmology as a result of new-generation deep surveys such as the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. Applying the "standard candle method" to SN 2016jhj (z = 0.3398 ± 0.0002; discovered by HSC) together with a low-redshift sample, we are able to construct the highest-redshift SN II Hubble diagram to date with an observed dispersion of 0.27 mag (i.e. 12-13% in distance). This work demonstrates the bright future of SN II cosmology in the coming era of large, wide-field surveys like that of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y GeofísicasInstituto de Astrofísica de La Plat