Determining the forsterite abundance of the dust around Asymptotic Giant Branch stars

Aims. We present a diagnostic tool to determine the abundance of the crystalline silicate forsterite in AGB stars surrounded by a thick shell of silicate dust. Using six infrared spectra of high mass-loss oxygen rich AGB stars we obtain the forsterite abundance of their dust shells. Methods. We use a monte carlo radiative transfer code to calculate infrared spectra of dust enshrouded AGB stars. We vary the dust composition, mass-loss rate and outer radius. We focus on the strength of the 11.3 and the 33.6 \mu m forsterite bands, that probe the most recent (11.3 \mu m) and older (33.6 \mu m) mass-loss history of the star. Simple diagnostic diagrams are derived, allowing direct comparison to observed band strengths. Results. Our analysis shows that the 11.3 \mu m forsterite band is a robust indicator for the forsterite abundance of the current mass-loss period for AGB stars with an optically thick dust shell. The 33.6 \mu m band of forsterite is sensitive to changes in the density and the geometry of the emitting dust shell, and so a less robust indicator. Applying our method to six high mass-loss rate AGB stars shows that AGB stars can have forsterite abundances of 12% by mass and higher, which is more than the previously found maximum abundance of 5%.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&

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Safety Net hospital Emergency Departments: Creating Safety Valves for Non-urgent Care

Outlines how safety-net hospitals are addressing the rise in emergency department visits for non-urgent care, such as re-directing patients to outpatient clinics or community health centers and adding primary care capacity. Discusses policy implications