Design temperatures and their effect on the economy of country

Hızla büyüyen şehirlere ve değişen çevreye, artan sera etkisiyle önem kazanan küresel ısınmaya paralel, ülkemizdeki dış hesap sıcaklıklarının değişiminin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada; yeni dış hesap sıcaklıklarıyla birlikte, etkilerinin ve tasarruf potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi de amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında yüksekliğin iklim verileri üzerindeki etkisi de incelenmiş, 1966 yılında Amerikan yöntemiyle hesaplanmış sıcaklıklar, benzer yeni Amerikan yöntemiyle hesaplanarak farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. Dış hesap sıcaklığı hesaplama yöntemlerinin örneklerle verildiği çalışmada; yaygın olarak kullanılan Amerikan, Alman ve ülke şartlarına göre önerilen yeni dış hesap sıcaklığı hesap yöntemleri ve sonuçları birbirleriyle kıyaslanmıştır. Olduğundan daha düşük dış hesap sıcaklıklarının projelendirmede kullanılmasındaki dezavantajlar ve yeni hesaplanan sıcaklıkların uygulamaya geçirilmesiyle sağlanacak kazançlar detaylıca anlatılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Küresel ısınma, ısı adası etkileri, dış hesap sıcaklığı, tasarruf potansiyelleri.Parallel to the growth of cities and changing environment, increasing importance of global warming with the greenhouse effect, the change in outdoor design temperatures are evaluated in this study. The determination of its effects and the conservation potentials are also aimed with the calculation of new outdoor design temperatures. In the scope of this study, the effect of height of the location on the climatic datas like temperature is also investigated. The calculated outdoor design temperatures in 1966 are compared with the temperatures which are calculated by the similar new American method. Several methods for calculating outdoor design temperatures are also given. The most widely used American and German methods and their results are compared with the new recommended outdoor design temperature calculation method. The disadvantages of using low outdoor design temperatures and the possible gains by using new higher outdoor design temperatures are also explained briefly. As the outdoor design temperatures have a high impact on the size of heating equipment, its correct evaluation provides low first installation costs and its closeness to the real working range also increases the efficiency. It is shown that only 10 % of current outdoor design temperatures in 210 locations were observed more than once a year in the last 20 years and the recommended new outdoor design temperatures provide great potential savings with the difference of ?3 to +14°C comparing to the current ones.    Keywords: Global warming, heat island effect, design temperatures, conservation potentials

The effects of pre-harvest napthalene acetic acid and aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatments on storage performance of ‘ Ak Sakı’ apple cultivar grown in Erzincan conditions

This study was carried out to determine the effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 150, 225 ve 300 mg/L) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 20 mg/L) treatments in different doses on storage performance of ‘Ak Sakı’ apple cultivar (Malus domestica Borkh.) in 2012. The changes on some fruit quality parameters were measured at 2±1 oC temperature and with 90±5 % relative humidity at 45 days interval during storage. The lowest weight loss was obtained from 300 mg/L AVG treated fruits during the storage. In the all analysis date, the highest L* value was obtained from 300 mg/L AVG treated fruits, and the lowest hue angle value was reported from the fruits of control treatment. The flesh firmness was determined that the best kept in the 225 and 300 mg/L AVG treated fruits during the storage. The flesh firmness significantly reduced with NAA treatment at the end of storage. The highest soluble solids concentration (SSC) was obtain from control fruit during the storage, whereas the lowest SSC was observed in fruit treated with 300 mg/L AVG. In the all analysis date, the highest titratable acidity was obtained in fruits treated with 225 and 300 mg/L AVG. The starch degradation was delayed with AVG treatments

Traditional uses of wild plants in Mardin central district and attached villages (Turkey)

This research reveals traditional uses of wild plants found in Artuklu district in Mardin Province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. This study, conducted between 2017 and 2019, gathered information on the medicinal and other uses of plant species traditionally used in Artuklu and the local names of these plants. Face to face surveys were conducted with 183 people in 91 neighbourhoods. The ethnobotanical uses of 125 plants belonging to 35 families, which are traditionally underutilized by the local people, have been recorded. Our results showed that the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) was recorded for the species Lathyrus pseudocicera Pamp. (0.32). 1 taxon is from Stereocaulaceae of Fungi, 2 taxa are from Pteridophyta and the others 122 taxa are from Magnoliophyta. In the region, plants mostly belonging to the families Fabaceae (21 taxa), Lamiaceae (11 taxa), Asteraceae (10 taxa) and Brassicaceae (10 taxa) were determined. The recorded ethnobotanical uses are for: food (64), medicinal (40), fodder (12), children's toys (5) and various other purposes (4). Due to the fact that Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian people have lived together in the Artuklu district, this ethnic diversity increased the use of wild plants and added richness. Preserving the coexistence of different cultural and religious groups in the research zone is essential for the maintenance of the rich wild plant local heritage

From classic observability to a simple fuzzy observability for fuzzy discrete-event systems

In order to determine uncertainties from restricted available information, fuzzy discrete-event systems (FDESs), or fuzzy discrete-event dynamic systems (FDEDSs), were recently proposed. These frameworks include fuzzy states and events occurring simultaneously with different membership degrees. Fuzzy states and events have been used to describe uncertainties that occur often in practical problems, such as treatment planning for HIV/AIDS patients, sensory information processing for robotic control, and fault diagnosis problems. In order to measure information associated with FDESs or FDEDSs, the classical discrete event system (DES) observability has been turned into fuzzy observability for FDESs or FDEDSs. The newly proposed method allows ease of defining degrees of observability so that uncertainties in FDESs or FDEDSs can be dealt with effectively. This gives an opportunity to design better decision-making systems. To calculate the observability degree, a simple fuzzy observability checking method is introduced, and two examples are elaborated upon to illustrate the presented method. Finally, the newly proposed method is tested on a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system

Sıkılık-Esneklik Kültür Boyutunun Yönetsel ve Yapısal Çeşitli Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi: Türkiye’nin Öncü Sanayi İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Kültür yazınında yükselen bir kavram olan sıkılık-esneklik kültür boyutu bir örgütte toplumsal norm, kural ve yaptırımların sayısı, gücü ve etkisi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu toplumsal ve sosyal ağların güç ve etkilerinin örgütlerin stratejik amaç ve hedeflerine ulaşmasında nasıl bir rol oynadığının belirlemesi önemli görülmektedir. Bu çalışma Türkiye’nin önemli sanayi işletmelerinde sıkılık-esneklik kültür boyutu ile örgütün yönetsel ve yapısal bir takım özellikleri arasında farklılık aramayı amaçlamaktadır. Örgütlerin beyaz yakalı çalışanları aracılığı ile yürütülen araştırma kapsamında sıkılık-esneklik kültür boyutunun örgütlerin sermaye yapısı, uluslararasılaşma düzeyi, büyüklük ve yönetim felsefesi ile farklılık olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda yabancı sermayeli örgütlerin sıkılık-esneklik boyutu ortalamaları ile diğer sermaye yapıları, örgütlerde profesyonel yöneticilerin varlığı ile diğer yönetim felsefeleri ve örgütlerin artan uluslararasılaşma düzeyleri ile diğer pazar boyutları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunurken; sıkılık-esneklik boyutu ile örgütün büyüklüğü arasında anlamlı bir farklılık belirlenememiştir