Optical measurements of degradation in aircraft boundary layers

Visible wavelength measurements of the degradation of optical beams when transmitted through the thin aerodynamic boundary layers around an aircraft are reviewed. The measured results indicated degradation levels for the KC-135 airplanes between 0.10 to 0.13 lambda increasing to 0.18 lambda (rms wavefront distortion). For the Lear Jet, degradation with a 25 mm diameter optics was roughly 0.07 lambda. The corresponding infinite aperture degradation levels are also calculated. The corresponding measured correlation lengths of roughly 12 mm for the KC-135 aircraft and 6 mm for the Lear Jet scale to roughly 20 and 25 mm, respectively, for infinite apertures. These boundary layer correlation lengths do not appear to reflect the different boundary layer thicknesses on the two different aircraft

Governance, Local Politics and 'Districtization' in Tanzania: the 1998 Arumeru Tax Revolt

In 1998 Arumeru District, NE Tanzania, erupted in a revolt over taxation. In one of the most remarkable instances of rural political mobilisation since Independence, almost the entire population of the District refused to pay Local Government Development Levy. Consistent with supporters of a donor-inspired 'Governance Agenda', some commentators in Tanzania lauded the revolt as evidence that multi-party democracy was finally leading to a new era of transparency and democratic accountability in development administration. The present paper provides an account of the revolt and argues that such an interpretation is premature: popular mobilisation was the outcome of a contingent conjuncture in which acute economic hardship coincided with elite interests of a factional nature; the revolt does not demonstrate the ability of peasants to hold leaders accountable on a regularised basis. More generally, the revolt is symptomatic of a process of class de-structuring under which Tanzania's middle class now secures its reproduction not through national organs of the state but through struggle for control of local institutions. This process, dubbed 'districtization', has important implications for political stability and accountability in Tanzania.

Growth variation effects in SiGe-based quantum cascade lasers

Epitaxial growth of SiGe quantum cascade (QC) lasers has thus far proved difficult, and nonabrupt Ge profiles are known to exist. We model the resulting barrier degradation by simulating annealing in pairs of quantum wells (QWs). Using a semiclassical charge transport model, we calculate the changes in scattering rates and transition energy between the lowest pair of subbands. We compare results for each of the possible material configurations for SiGe QC lasers. The effects are most severe in n-type (001) Si-rich systems due to the large effective electron mass, and in p-type systems due to the coexistence of light holes and heavy holes. The lower effective mass and conduction band offset of (111) oriented systems minimizes the transition energy variation, and a large interdiffusion length (Ld = 1.49 nm) is tolerated with respect to the scattering rate. Ge-rich systems are shown to give the best tolerance with respect to subband separation (Ld = 3.31 nm), due also to their low effective mass

Self-consistent solutions to the intersubband rate equations in quantum cascade lasers: Analysis of a GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs device

The carrier transition rates and subband populations for a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade laser operating in the mid-infrared frequency range are calculated by solving the rate equations describing the electron densities in each subband self-consistently. These calculations are repeated for a range of temperatures from 20 to 300 K. The lifetime of the upper laser level found by this self-consistent method is then used to calculate the gain for this range of temperatures. At a temperature of 77 K, the gain of the laser is found to be 34 cm(-1)/(kA/cm(-2)), when only electron–longitudinal-optical phonon transitions are considered in the calculation. The calculated gain decreases to 19.6 cm(-1)/(kA/cm(-2)) when electron–electron transition rates are included, thus showing their importance in physical models of these devices. Further analysis shows that thermionic emission could be occurring in real devices. © 2001 American Institute of Physics

Electric field domains in p-Si/SiGe quantum cascade structures

The formation of domains in quantum cascade structures is one of the mechanisms strongly affecting the operation of quantum cascade lasers, quantum-well infrared detectors, and other devices. In this paper, we consider the problem of domain formation in p-doped Si/SiGe quantum cascades, using a carrier scattering transport framework. In effect, the hole flow along the cascade is described via scattering between quantized states belonging to neighboring periods, caused by phonons, alloy disorder, and carrier-carrier interactions. The generation of either periodic or of nonperiodic domains is studied in uniformly doped cascades, as well as the influence of modulation doping of cascades on the domain formation

Complex permittivity measurements at Ka-Band using rectangular dielectric waveguide

The rectangular dielectric waveguide (RDWG) technique has been developed for the determination of the dielectric constant of materials from effective refractive index measurements in the Q andWbands. This paper describes the use of an optimization method in conjunction with the RDWG technique for the determination of both the dielectric constant and loss tangent of materials at Ka-Band. The effect of the uncertainty in the measured sample thickness is presented

Electron temperature and mechanisms of hot carrier generation in quantum cascade lasers

A technique for calculating the temperature of the nonequilibrium electron distribution functions in general quantum well intersubband devices is presented. Two recent GaAs/Ga(1–x)Al(x)As quantum cascade laser designs are considered as illustrative examples of the kinetic energy balance method. It is shown that at low current densities the electron temperature recovers the expected physical limit of the lattice temperature, and that it is also a function of current density and the quantised energy level structure of the device. The results of the calculations show that the electron temperature T(e) can be approximated as a linear function of the lattice temperature T(l) and current density J, of the form T(e) = T(l) + a(e–l)J, where a(e–l) is a coupling constant (~6–7 K/kA cm(–2) for the devices studied here) which is fixed for a particular device. © 2002 American Institute of Physics

Intersubband terahertz lasers using four-level asymmetric quantum wells

We demonstrate the potential for laser operation at far-infrared wavelengths (30–300 µm, 1–10 THz) by using intersubband emission in four-level GaAs/AlGaAs asymmetric (stepped) quantum wells. Achieving population inversion in these devices depends critically on the lifetimes of the nonradiative intersubband transitions, and so we have performed detailed calculations of electron–electron and electron–phonon scattering rates. Our four-subband structures show potential for the realization of room temperature lasing, unlike previously considered three-subband structures which did not give population inversions except at impractically low electron densities and temperatures. Auger-type electron–electron interactions involving the highly populated ground subband effectively destroyed the population inversion in three level systems, but in these four subband structures the inversion is maintained by strong phonon-mediated depopulation of the lower laser level. The largest population inversions are calculated at low temperatures (< 30 K), but for the structures with higher emission energies, room temperature (300 K) operation is also predicted. © 1999 American Institute of Physics

Steady state simulation and exergy analysis of supercritical coal-fired power plant with CO₂ capture

Integrating a power plant with CO₂ capture incurs serious efficiency and energy penalty due to use of energy for solvent regeneration in the capture process. Reducing the exergy destruction and losses associated with the power plant systems can improve the rational efficiency of the system and thereby reducing energy penalties. This paper presents steady state simulation and exergy analysis of supercritical coal-fired power plant (SCPP) integrated with post-combustion CO₂ capture (PCC). The simulation was validated by comparing the results with a greenfield design case study based on a 550 MWe SCPP unit. The analyses show that the once-through boiler exhibits the highest exergy destruction but also has a limited influence on fuel-saving potentials of the system. The turbine subsystems show lower exergy destruction compared to the boiler subsystem but more significance in fuel-saving potentials of the system. Four cases of the integrated SCPP-CO2 capture configuration was considered for reducing thermodynamic irreversibilities in the system by reducing the driving forces responsible for the CO₂ capture process: conventional process, absorber intercooling (AIC), split-flow (SF), and a combination of absorber intercooling and split-flow (AIC + SF). The AIC + SF configuration shows the most significant reduction in exergy destruction when compared to the SCPP system with conventional CO₂ capture. This study shows that improvement in turbine performance design and the driving forces responsible for CO₂ capture (without compromising cost) can help improve the rational efficiency of the integrated system