An Analysis of Non-Dichotomous Laws

The US legal system relies on its ability to categorize cases presented to present verdicts in an orderly and timely manner. However, as individual identities become more multifaceted, our legal system fails to encompass all gender and racial identities for which protections exist. The acceptance of queer, nonbinary, trans, and intersex individuals has unveiled issues with the protections given to the traditional male/female dichotomy. These protections for males/females stood as the foundation for civil protections since the founding of our legal system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 allowed for equal opportunity for all people on the “basis of sex”. This laid the foundation for the continuation of the LGBTQ movement, and lead to equal protections for those who do not fall into the traditional male/female dichotomy. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a non-dichotomous law – it gives protections to individuals without requiring them to self-identify. However, since its ratification, other statues that extended on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 required identification. The Education Amendments of 1972 dictated that all schools must be equal in stature and allowed for the creation of single-sex schools as long as they were all equally funded. It did not dictate how trans, nonbinary, or anyone who does not fit into a male/female dichotomy, fit into this mold. The existence of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as a non-dichotomous law grants equal opportunity without requiring self-identification. Through the scope of a traditional feminist philosophical viewpoint, I will analyze what makes the Civil Rights Act non-dichotomous, and whether this framework can be applied to future laws, or if the absence of dichotomies requires further statues to clarify its protections

Effects of Microgravity on Cancer Stem Cells Cultured in a NASA Developed Bioreactor: Chemotherapeutic Implications.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of simulated microgravity on cancer cell growth. Simulated microgravity is a condition in which cells are in constant free-fall and in which they are able to grow suspended without the shear and stress. Microgravity allows for important insights into the cellular mechanism and may be key in understanding why some cells thrive in this condition and others go into apoptosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered a subset of the bulk tumor responsible for initiating and maintaining cancer. SAOS-2 is a human bone cancer cell line which consists of a heterogeneous population [10% of CD133(+) cells and 90% CD133(-)]. CD133 is a transmembrane pentameric glycoprotein and a surface marker for progenitor cells including neural and embryonic stem cells, and it is expressed in cancers, including some leukemias and brain tumors. We isolated CD133(+) cells from the SAOS-2 cell line by using a MACSorting system which magnetically sorts CD133(+) cells with the aid of an antibody against CD133 conjugated to a magnetic bead. SAOS-2 positivity to CD133 was assessed by flow cytometry. One million SAOS-2 CD133(+) MACSorted cells were cultured, in a Hydrodynamic Focusing Bioreactor (HFB) which was developed by NASA at the Johnson Space Center for modeling microgravity conditions. This experiment showed an increase of cell growth compared to the normal gravity control. We observed a 15-fold proliferation of the CD133(+) cellular fraction with cells that were cultured for 7-days at optimized conditions. Additionally, 100% of the harvested cells were found to be CD133(+), indicating that the HFB had selected for the SAOS-2 undifferentiated cellular fraction. CSCs are thought to be responsible for the formation and growth of neoplastic tissue and are naturally resistant to chemotherapy also in part due to their quiescent nature. We also tested the hypothesis that the microgravity environment could sensitize the CD133(+) resistant osteosarcoma cells to various chemotherapy agents at clinically relevant doses. SAOS-2 cells were cultured in three chemotherapy treatments: cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate. Toxicity and viability assays were performed on CD133(+) cells, CD133(-) cells, total SAOS-2 population, and on cells that were cultured in the HFB for 5-days with these different chemotherapies. Interestingly, we found, by FACS analysis and MTT assay, that the microgravity environment greatly sensitized the CSCs, which are normally resistant to chemotherapy treatments, to become susceptible to various chemotherapeutic agents. This experiment paves the way to less toxic and more effective chemotherapeutic treatments in patients

Evaluation [of] the effectiveness of a cognitive approach for teaching domestic chores to adolescents and adults with autism [abstract]

Individuals with autism often have difficulty transitioning into adulthood due decreased executive functioning. One important skill which assists in the transition into adulthood is the ability tocomplete various domestic chores. These tasks often require executive functioning skills such as initiation, planning and organization, and problem solving which individuals with autism often have difficulty with. Currently, there is limited research on effective teaching techniques for supporting individuals with autism in the acquisition of skills needed for independent living. This study aims to determine if the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) is an effective intervention approach for improving problem solving skills

Diverse learners

This chapter explores student populations in terms of their diversity and special needs and is designed to provide you with a broad grounding in this topic. Beginning with an overview of commonly used terminology in this field, the chapter moves to the learners themselves, providing key statistics and insights into various VET equity cohorts, including an understanding of how learners are \u27officially\u27 categorised and defined. The focus then changes to an analysis of key Commonwealth legislation and related policies in the area and an example of a State response. The final sections of the chapter are aimed at providing practical insight into how you, as a VET practitioner, might accommodate and support different learners

Adiabatic potentials for Rydberg atoms in a ponderomotive optical lattice

We calculate the adiabatic potentials and adiabatic wavefunctions of Rydberg atoms in a one-dimensional ponderomotive optical lattice. All lattice-induced couplings between the degenerate high-angular-momentum Rydberg states are taken into account. To obtain insight into the underlying physics, we analyze the numerical results in terms of effective electric and magnetic fields produced by the lattice. Near the inflection points of the lattice potential and for sufficiently low principal quantum numbers (nlsim35 in the cases studied), the adiabatic level structure resembles that of the dc Stark effect, and an effective electric-field model can be used to model the lattice-induced perturbation. Near the nodes and anti-nodes of the lattice field, the adiabatic level structure exhibits a combination of adjacent rotational and vibrational energy level sequences. Here, an analogy between the ponderomotive optical lattice and the diamagnetic problem works well to interpret the lattice-induced perturbation in terms of an effective magnetic field.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85427/1/njp10_2_023031.pd

Girl Empower Intervention Baseline Survey

This report presents the results from the baseline assessment of the International Rescue Committee’s (IRC) Girl Empower (GE) program in Nimba County, Liberia. GE is a program in rural communities that seeks to help 13–to–14-year-old girls make healthy life choices and decrease their risk of sexual abuse. The program centers on weekly meetings between girls and trained local mentors, during which the girls learn about life skills and financial literacy. GE also holds monthly discussion groups for participants’ caregivers, and trains local health and psychosocial care providers on how to improve and expand services for survivors of gender-based violence. Girls are also equipped with savings accounts, and small deposits are made on their behalf. The GE baseline assessment is part of a randomized evaluation, which will assess the program’s impact. Primary investigators from the Population Council, the World Bank, and the IRC lead the evaluation’s research team, and Innovations for Poverty Action is responsible for the survey data collection

Metallogenic Evolution of the Mackenzie and Eastern Selwyn Mountains of Canada’s Northern Cordillera, Northwest Territories: A Compilation and Review

The Mackenzie and eastern Selwyn Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada, are the northeast expression of the Cordilleran orogen and have a geologic history that spans the last one billion years. The region has undergone a diverse tectonic evolution, which is reflected in an equally diverse collection of mineral deposits and prospects. More than 300 of these deposits and prospects have been documented in this area of the Northwest Territories and here they are categorized into mineral deposit types and their mode of formation evaluated and highlighted. Stratiform/stratabound Cu-Ag occurrences are hosted in the Neoproterozoic Coates Lake Group, generally preserved in the hanging wall of the Cretaceous Plateau fault, and define a belt through the central part of the Mackenzie Mountains. Low-grade phosphatic stratiform iron (47.5% Fe) occurs as iron formation in the Neoproterozoic Rapitan Group in the very northwest of the Mackenzie Mountains. Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (± Ba) deposits are preserved in Cambrian through Devonian strata of the Selwyn Basin in the eastern Selwyn Mountains. Numerous carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb (± base-metals) occurrences are located in the Paleozoic strata of the Mackenzie Platform in the Mackenzie Mountains. Cretaceous felsic-intermediate plutons, which occur throughout the eastern Selwyn Mountains, are associated with tungsten skarn (proximal to intrusions), base-metal skarn (distal from intrusions), rare metals, semi-precious tourmaline related to pegmatites, and vein-hosted emeralds. Other resources of potential interest include coal deposits, placer gold, and possible Carlin-type gold deposits that have recently been identified farther west in the Yukon.SOMMAIRELes monts Mackenzie et ceux de la chaîne orientale de Selwyn, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, au Canada, sont l'expression au nord-est de l'orogène de la Cordillère, et leur histoire géologique s’étale sur le dernier milliard d’années. La région a été l’hôte d’une évolution tectonique diversifiée, et cela se reflète par une suite tout aussi diversifiée de gisements minéraux et d’indices prometteurs. Plus de 300 de ces dépôts et indices prometteurs ont été documentées dans cette région des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, et le présent article ils sont classés en types de gîtes minéraux, et l’attention est portée sur leur mode de formation. Les gisements de Cu-Ag stratiformes ou stratoïdes sont encaissés dans le Groupe néoprotérozoïque de Coates Lake, et ils sont généralement préservés dans l'éponte supérieure de la faille du plateau crétacé, et ils forment une bande qui traverse la partie centrale des monts Mackenzie. Le fer se retrouve dans des gisements phosphatées stratiformes à faible teneur (47,5% Fe) qui provient de formations de fer dans le Groupe néoprotérozoïque de Rapitan situé dans la pointe nord-ouest des monts Mackenzie. Des gisements sédimentaires exhalatifs de Zn-Pb (± Ba) sont préservés dans des strates cambriennes à dévoniennes du bassin de Selwyn dans la portion est des monts Selwyn. De nombreux indices de Zn-Pb (± métaux communs) dans des roches carbonatées des strates paléozoïques de la plate-forme de Mackenzie, des monts Mackenzie. Des plutons felsiques intermédiaires crétacés, qui pointent tout au long de la chaîne est de Selwyn, sont associées à des skarns de tungstène (proximaux), à des skarns de métaux communs (distaux), à des concentrations de métaux rares, de tourmaline semi-précieuses liés aux pegmatites, et à des émeraudes filoniennes. Parmi d’autres ressources d'intérêt, on retrouve des gisements de charbon, d'or alluvionnaire, et d’éventuels gisements d'or de type Carlin qui ont été découverts récemment plus à l'ouest au Yukon

Rydberg-atom trajectories in a ponderomotive optical lattice

Using semiclassical simulations, we investigate the trajectories and the microwave spectra of Rydberg atoms excited in a ponderomotive optical lattice. We relate distinct features found in the microwave spectra to characteristic types of trajectory. Several methods are presented that are designed to greatly improve the trapping efficiency of the lattice and to generalize the trapping from one to three dimensions.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85435/1/njp10_11_113036.pd

Specialist community teams for adults with learning disabilities: referrals to a countywide service in England

Purpose – While “generic” community teams for adults with learning disabilities (CTs) are well-established in the UK, very little recent evidence is available about any aspect of their work. As part of a larger project about the role, structure and functioning of CTs, the purpose of this paper is to provide data about referrals. Design/methodology/approach – Over threemonths, the authors obtained data about 270 consecutive new referrals to five CTs in a countywide integrated health (NHS) and care management (local authority) service. Findings – The 270 referrals related to 255 individuals, mainly already service users, with almost a third (30 per cent, n=204) described as people with severe or profound disabilities. Consistent with the reported living arrangements (residential accommodation or with one or more family members (87 per cent, n=270)), referrals were most often made by social care staff, General Practitioners or carers. The referrals related to a wide range of issues including mental health and/or behavioural needs, physical health and skills, and independence. The major group, however, were requests about a person’s entitlement to specialist learning disability services and/or reviews of an existing social care package. Research limitations/implications – The focus on new referrals and the exclusion of intra-team referrals mean that the data are not representative of a CT’s caseload and cannot be used as a basis for resourcing. Nevertheless, the findings emphasise the heterogeneity of the population, and the long-term and varied nature of their needs, meaning that CTs require access to a range of expertise and, often, an inter-agency approach. The implications for service design are considered. Originality/value – This is the first empirical study of referrals to specialist integrated (health and care management) community learning disabilities teams in England

Platform-directed allostery and quaternary structure dynamics of SAMHD1 catalysis

SAMHD1 regulates cellular nucleotide homeostasis, controlling dNTP levels by catalysing their hydrolysis into 2’-deoxynucleosides and triphosphate. In differentiated CD4+ macrophage and resting T-cells SAMHD1 activity results in the inhibition of HIV-1 infection through a dNTP blockade. In cancer, SAMHD1 desensitizes cells to nucleoside-analogue chemotherapies. Here we employ time-resolved cryogenic-EM imaging and single-particle analysis to visualise assembly, allostery and catalysis by this multi-subunit enzyme. Our observations reveal how dynamic conformational changes in the SAMHD1 quaternary structure drive the catalytic cycle. We capture five states at high-resolution in a live catalytic reaction, revealing how allosteric activators support assembly of a stable SAMHD1 tetrameric core and how catalysis is driven by the opening and closing of active sites through pairwise coupling of active sites and order-disorder transitions in regulatory domains. This direct visualisation of enzyme catalysis dynamics within an allostery-stabilised platform sets a precedent for mechanistic studies into the regulation of multi-subunit enzymes