Annual Survey of Virginia Law: Environmental Law

This article reviews the key environmental developments at the federal and state levels during the period from June 1996 to June 1998. Legislation and judicial decisions are presented topically. Certain issues, such as public participation and environmental justice, are playing an increasing role and will likely impact all media

Initial uptake, time to treatment, and real-world effectiveness of all-oral direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus infection in the United States: A retrospective cohort analysis

BACKGROUND: Data on initiation and utilization of direct-acting antiviral therapies for hepatitis C virus infection in the United States are limited. This study evaluated treatment initiation, time to treatment, and real-world effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral therapy in individuals with hepatitis C virus infection treated during the first 2 years of availability of all-oral direct-acting antiviral therapies. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was undertaken using electronic medical records and chart review abstraction of hepatitis C virus-infected individuals aged >18 years diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2015 from the Indiana University Health database. RESULTS: Eight hundred thirty people initiated direct-acting antiviral therapy during the 2-year observation window. The estimated incidence of treatment initiation was 8.8%±0.34% at the end of year 1 and 15.0%±0.5% at the end of year 2. Median time to initiating therapy was 300 days. Using a Cox regression analysis, positive predictors of treatment initiation included age (hazard ratio, 1.008), prior hepatitis C virus treatment (1.74), cirrhosis (2.64), and history of liver transplant (1.5). History of drug abuse (0.43), high baseline alanine aminotransferase levels (0.79), hepatitis B virus infection (0.41), and self-pay (0.39) were negatively associated with treatment initiation. In the evaluable population (n = 423), 83.9% (95% confidence interval, 80.1-87.3%) of people achieved sustained virologic response. CONCLUSION: In the early years of the direct-acting antiviral era, <10% of people diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection received direct-acting antiviral treatment; median time to treatment initiation was 300 days. Future analyses should evaluate time to treatment initiation among those with less advanced fibrosis

New Insights into the Age and Origin of Two Small Cretaceous Seamount Chains Proximal to the Northwestern Hawaiian Ridge

The Northwestern Hawaiian Ridge is an age-progressive volcanic chain sourced from the Hawaiian mantle plume. Proximal to the Northwestern Hawaiian Ridge are several clusters of smaller seamounts and ridges with limited age constraints and unknown geodynamic origins. This study presents new bathymetric data and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations from lava flow samples recovered by remotely operated vehicle (ROV) from two east–west-trending chains of seamounts that lie north of the Pūhāhonu and Mokumanamana volcanoes. The previously unexplored Naifeh Chain (28°48′N,167°48′W) and Plumeria Chain (25°36′N, 164°35′W) contain five volcanic structures each, including three guyots in the Naifeh Chain. New 40Ar/39Ar age determinations indicate that the Naifeh Chain formed ca. 88 Ma and the Plumeria Chain ca. 85 Ma. The Cretaceous ages, coupled with a perpendicular orientation of the seamounts relative to absolute Pacific plate motion at that time, eliminate either a Miocene Hawaiian volcanic arch or Cretaceous mantle-plume origin. The seamounts lie on oceanic crust that is modeled to be 10–15 Ma older than the corresponding seamounts. Here, two models are put forth to explain the origin of these enigmatic seamount chains as well as the similar nearby Mendelssohn Seamounts. (1) Diffuse lithospheric extension results in the formation of these seamounts until the initiation of the Kula-Pacific spreading center in the north at 84–79 Ma, which alleviates the tension. (2) Shear-driven upwelling of enriched mantle material beneath young oceanic lithosphere results in an age-progressive seamount track that is approximately perpendicular to the spreading ridge. Here we show that all sampled seamounts proximal to the Northwestern Hawaiian Ridge are intraplate in nature, but their formations can be attributed to both plume and plate processes

Structural Brain Correlates of Childhood Inhibited Temperament: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-analysis

Temperament involves stable behavioral and emotional tendencies that differ between individuals, which can be first observed in infancy or early childhood and relate to behavior in many contexts and over many years.1 One of the most rigorously characterized temperament classifications relates to the tendency of individuals to avoid the unfamiliar and to withdraw from unfamiliar people, objects, and unexpected events. This temperament is referred to as behavioral inhibition or inhibited temperament (IT).2 IT is a moderately heritable trait1 that can be measured in multiple species.3 In humans, levels of IT can be quantified from the first year of life through direct behavioral observations or reports by caregivers or teachers. Similar approaches as well as self-report questionnaires on current and/or retrospective levels of IT1 can be used later in life

Issues in accelerometer methodology: the role of epoch length on estimates of physical activity and relationships with health outcomes in overweight, post-menopausal women

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Current accelerometer technology allows for data collection using brief time sampling intervals (i.e., epochs). The study aims were to examine the role of epoch length on physical activity estimates and subsequent relationships with clinically-meaningful health outcomes in post-menopausal women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data was obtained from the Woman On the Move through Activity and Nutrition Study (n = 102). Differences in activity estimates presented as 60s and 10s epochs were evaluated using paired t-tests. Relationships with health outcomes were examined using correlational and regression analyses to evaluate differences by epoch length.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Inactivity, moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity (MVPA) were significantly higher and light-intensity activity was significantly lower (all <it>P </it>< 0.001) when presented as 10s epochs. The correlation between inactivity and self-reported physical activity was stronger with 10s estimates (<it>P </it>< 0.03); however, the regression slopes were not significantly different. Conversely, relationships between MVPA and body weight, BMI, whole body and trunk lean and fat mass, and femoral neck bone mineral density was stronger with 60s estimates (all <it>P </it>< 0.05); however, regression slopes were similar.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings suggest that although the use of a shorter time sampling interval may suggestively reduce misclassification error of physical activity estimates, associations with health outcomes did not yield strikingly different results. Additional studies are needed to further our understanding of the ways in which epoch length contributes to the ascertainment of physical activity in research studies.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT00023543</p

The Grizzly, February 10, 1984

Guards Receive Training • Internships for Credit • Alcoholism: Prime Health Problem • Businessman to Share Experiences • Fish Find a Home • China in the 20th Century • Television Forum Presented • DJ Spotlight on...Ed Johns • Two Decades of the Beatles • Grapplers Keep Rolling • Lady Bears Quash Cabrini • Bears Impressive in Win Over Drew • UC Gymnasts Post Best Score of Seasonhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1112/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, March 2, 1984

Reagan Proposes to Cut Student Aid: 62% Ursinus Students Could Feel Bite • Tray Offenders Discussed • Students Elect New USGA Officers • Writing Seminar Features Alumni • Presidents Corner: Frats Move in Desirable Direction • Letters to the Editor: USGA Concerned With Student Apathy; Get in Gear • Board Elects Two New Members, Appoints Seven • Women\u27s Club Plans Events • WRUC Gets Technician • The Lantern Seeks Contributions • Cogger Heads State Study • Fall Registration Looms on Horizon • Learn While You Work • Sports Profile: Mo Gorman Excels • Basketball Team Wraps Up 83-84 Season • Bears Make Tracks • Grapplers Shine At MACs: Doyle Crowned 150lb Champ; Racich Named Coach of the Year • Doyle and Paolone Successful in MAC Competition • Satisfied with Nationalshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1114/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, March 2, 1984

Reagan Proposes to Cut Student Aid: 62% Ursinus Students Could Feel Bite • Tray Offenders Discussed • Students Elect New USGA Officers • Writing Seminar Features Alumni • Presidents Corner: Frats Move in Desirable Direction • Letters to the Editor: USGA Concerned With Student Apathy; Get in Gear • Board Elects Two New Members, Appoints Seven • Women\u27s Club Plans Events • WRUC Gets Technician • The Lantern Seeks Contributions • Cogger Heads State Study • Fall Registration Looms on Horizon • Learn While You Work • Sports Profile: Mo Gorman Excels • Basketball Team Wraps Up 83-84 Season • Bears Make Tracks • Grapplers Shine At MACs: Doyle Crowned 150lb Champ; Racich Named Coach of the Year • Doyle and Paolone Successful in MAC Competition • Satisfied with Nationalshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1114/thumbnail.jp

Age of Transfused Red Blood Cells and Health Outcomes in Two Surgical Cohorts

Rationale: Red blood cells (RBC) undergo morphologic and biochemical changes during storage which may lead to adverse health risks upon transfusion. In prior studies, the effect of RBC age on health outcomes has been conflicting. We designed the study to assess the effects of RBC units' storage duration on health outcomes specifically for hospitalized patients undergoing hip fracture surgery or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods: Using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 codes, hip fracture surgery and CABG surgery patients, who received RBC transfusions between 2008 and 2013, were retrospectively identified from the electronic medical records system. Hip fracture surgery and CABG cohorts were sub-divided into 3 blood age groups based upon RBC unit age at the time of transfusion: young blood (RBC units stored less than or equal to 14 days), old blood (RBC units were stored for greater than or equal to 28 days), or mixed blood for the remaining patients. Outcome variables were 30-day, 90-day, and inpatient mortality as well as hospital length of stay. Results: A total of 3,182 patients were identified: 1,121 with hip fractures and 2,061 with CABG. Transfusion of old blood was associated with higher inpatient mortality in the hip fracture surgery cohort (OR 166.8, 95% CI 1.067-26064.7, p = 0.04) and a higher 30-day mortality in the CABG cohort (OR 4.55, 95% CI 1.01-20.49, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Transfusing RBC units stored for greater than or equal to 28 days may be associated with a higher mortality for patients undergoing hip fracture or CABG

Proteomic analysis of the Plasmodium male gamete reveals the key role for glycolysis in flagellar motility.

BACKGROUND: Gametogenesis and fertilization play crucial roles in malaria transmission. While male gametes are thought to be amongst the simplest eukaryotic cells and are proven targets of transmission blocking immunity, little is known about their molecular organization. For example, the pathway of energy metabolism that power motility, a feature that facilitates gamete encounter and fertilization, is unknown. METHODS: Plasmodium berghei microgametes were purified and analysed by whole-cell proteomic analysis for the first time. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001163. RESULTS: 615 proteins were recovered, they included all male gamete proteins described thus far. Amongst them were the 11 enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. The hexose transporter was localized to the gamete plasma membrane and it was shown that microgamete motility can be suppressed effectively by inhibitors of this transporter and of the glycolytic pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the first whole-cell proteomic analysis of the malaria male gamete. It identifies glycolysis as the likely exclusive source of energy for flagellar beat, and provides new insights in original features of Plasmodium flagellar organization