Vietnamese, register and tongue-root position

From the introduction: The main body of this paper is concerned with drawing a parallel between Khmer and Vietnamese. We will endeavor to show the possibility of applying the tongue-root hypothesis to Vietnamese as it is already being applied to Khmer. (This hypothesis explains the grouping of certain phonological features in terms of historic advanced or retracted tongue-root position.) To do this we will be referring to exponents of advanced (or retracted as the case may be) tongue-root position. An exponent is a co-occurring phonological phenomenon which may be considered as dependent on the occurrance of another phenomenon, the independent variable in this case being tongue-root (t.r.) position. [...] This paper uses some of [Henri Maspero\u27s] data to support the hypothesis that t.r. position is of foundational importance in properly describing the development of a two-register tonal system in Vietnamese

CYTOKINE AND EFFECTOR MOLECULE DYSREGULATION INPLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA

Childhood malarial anemia (MA) remains a global health burden with the vast morbidity and mortality occurring mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Although design and testing of malaria vaccines is currently underway, the pattern of inflammatory mediator production that predicts a protective immune response against severe malaria, which would dramatically enhance vaccine testing, is largely unknown. Protective malarial immunity is regulated in part by cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and effector molecules, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO). Previous studies have illustrated that children with severe MA have lower levels of circulating IL-12p70 and PGE2, and increased plasma levels of IL-10, TNF-α, and NO relative to children with mild malaria, however, the mechanism(s) responsible for this pattern of immune production is unknown. Phagocytosis of parasitic products, such as hemozoin, by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) elicits dysregulation of inflammatory mediator production, therefore, the regulation and interactions of cytokines and effector molecules was investigated during acute childhood malaria and in cultured PBMC stimulated with Plasmodium falciparum-derived hemozoin. Children with high-density parasitemia had decreased IL-12p70 and increased levels of IL-10 and TNF-α. Experiments in cultured PBMC from malaria-naïve donors revealed that hemozoin suppressed IL-12p70 through induction of IL-10, but not over-expression of TNF-α transcripts and protein, which was independent of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 induction. Hemozoinsuppressed cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-dependent PGE2 production through reductions in COX-2 transcript and protein formation, and inhibition of COX-2 enzymatic activity. Suppression of PGE2, which was independent of hemozoin-induced IL-10, resulted in over-production of TNF-α. The ratio of plasma PGE2/TNF-α was decreased in children with severe disease. Cultured PBMC from children with severe malaria had elevated nitric oxide synthase (NOS)2 enzyme activity, which occurred at least in part through PBMC ingestion of hemozoin. Thus, ingestion of hemozoin by PBMC elicits a similar pattern of inflammatory mediator production to that observed in children with severe MA. Results presented here are of significant public health relevance in that understanding the regulation of cytokine and effector molecule production during severe malaria will vastly improve vaccine design and testing

Evaluation of the force constants of non-polar gases from viscosity data

Studies of the intermolecular forces and potential energy functions have been largely of a theoretical nature. Various empirical statements representing these theories have been developed and tested. Of these, the Lennard-Jones (6-12) potential is one of the more realistic and has become the most favored when dealing with non-polar molecules. The values of these “force constants” or the values of the Lennard-Jones (6-12) potential parameters, have been determined from both diffusion and viscosity data. Although these “force constants” can be determined from diffusional measurements as well as viscosity data, the literature is predominately filled with values of force constants which were determined from viscosity measurements. Until recently, there has been little diffusional data reported over a sufficient temperature range to evaluate force constants for gas pairs. Recent work has indicated that the values of the force constants, when determined from diffusion and viscosity data, are not in good agreement. Much viscosity data are obtained under dynamic or flow conditions at pressures exceeding atmospheric. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the force constants of certain selected non-polar gases at atmospheric pressure from viscosity data obtained using a rolling ball viscometer. It was believed that the force constants, evaluated from viscosity measurements in this manner, would be more nearly comparable with those calculated from diffusional data and hence, would be in better agreement. The gases used in this investigation were air, argon, carbon dioxide and helium --Introduction, pages 1-2

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas in conditional Pax3:Fkhr mice: cooperativity of Ink4a/ARF and Trp53 loss of function.

Journal ArticleAlveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive childhood muscle cancer for which outcomes are poor when the disease is advanced. Although well-developed mouse models exist for embryonal and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, neither a spontaneous nor a transgenic mouse model of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma has yet been reported. We report the first mouse model of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma using a conditional Pax3:Fkhr knock-in allele whose activation in late embryogenesis and postnatally is targeted to terminally differentiating Myf6-expressing skeletal muscle. In these mice, alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas occur but at low frequency, and Fkhr haploinsufficiency does not appear to accelerate tumorigenesis. However, Pax3:Fkhr homozygosity with accompanying Ink4a/ARF or Trp53 pathway disruption, by means of conditional Trp53 or Ink4a/ARF loss of function, substantially increases the frequencies of tumor formation. These results of successful tumor generation postnatally from a target pool of differentiating myofibers are in sharp contrast to the birth defects and lack of tumors for mice with prenatal and postnatal satellite cell triggering of Pax3:Fkhr. Furthermore, these murine alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas have an immunohistochemical profile similar to human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, suggesting that this conditional mouse model will be relevant to study of the disease and will be useful for preclinical therapeutic testing

Pax3:Fkhr interferes with embryonic Pax3 and Pax7 function: implications for alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell of origin.

Journal ArticleTo investigate the role of the translocation-associated gene Pax3:Fkhr in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, we generated a Cre-mediated conditional knock-in of Pax3:Fkhr into the mouse Pax3 locus. Exploring embryonic tumor cell origins, we replaced a Pax3 allele with Pax3:Fkhr throughout its expression domain, causing dominant-negative effects on Pax3 and paradoxical activation of the Pax3 target gene, c-Met. Ectopic neuroprogenitor cell proliferation also occurs. In contrast, activation later in embryogenesis in cells that express Pax7 results in viable animals with a postnatal growth defect and a moderately decreased Pax7+ muscle satellite cell pool, phenocopying Pax7 deficiency but remarkably not leading to tumors

My Cosey Corner Girl

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/3301/thumbnail.jp

Sprouty1 regulates reversible quiescence of a self-renewing adult muscle stem cell pool during regeneration.

Satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation after transplantation, but whether they contribute to endogenous muscle fiber repair has been unclear. The transcription factor Pax7 marks satellite cells and is critical for establishing the adult satellite cell pool. By using a lineage tracing approach, we show that after injury, quiescent adult Pax7(+) cells enter the cell cycle; a subpopulation returns to quiescence to replenish the satellite cell compartment, while others contribute to muscle fiber formation. We demonstrate that Sprouty1 (Spry1), a receptor tyrosine kinase signaling inhibitor, is expressed in quiescent Pax7(+) satellite cells in uninjured muscle, downregulated in proliferating myogenic cells after injury, and reinduced as Pax7(+) cells re-enter quiescence. We show that Spry1 is required for the return to quiescence and homeostasis of the satellite cell pool during repair. Our results therefore define a role for Spry1 in adult muscle stem cell biology and tissue repair

Method of identifying inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression

Complementary DNA and genomic clones for three variants of GST-.pi. are disclosed. It is demonstrated that certain of these variants are overexpressed in gliomas, thereby indicating an involvement with that form of cancer. This permits the detection and treatment of certain classes of tumors using new compositions such as GST-.pi. genes, oligonucleotides, peptides and antibodies.Board of Regents, University of Texas Syste