227 research outputs found
Criteria and tools for determining drainage divide stability
© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Watersheds are the fundamental organizing units in landscapes and thus the controls on drainage divide location and mobility are an essential facet of landscape evolution. Additionally, many common topographic analyses fundamentally assume that river network topology and divide locations are largely static, allowing channel profile form to be interpreted in terms of spatio-temporal patterns of rock uplift rate relative to base level, climate, or rock properties. Recently however, it has been suggested that drainage divides are more mobile than previously thought and that divide mobility, and resulting changes in drainage area, could potentially confound interpretations of river profiles. Ultimately, reliable metrics are needed to diagnose the mobility of divides as part of routine landscape analyses. One such recently proposed metric is cross-divide contrasts in χ a proxy for steady-state channel elevation, but cross-divide contrasts in a number of topographic metrics show promise. Here we use a series of landscape evolution simulations in which we induce divide mobility under different conditions to test the utility of a suite of topographic metrics of divide mobility and for comparison with natural examples in the eastern Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Kars Volcanic Plateau, and the western San Bernadino Mountains. Specifically, we test cross-divide contrasts in mean gradient, mean local relief, channel bed elevation, and χ all measured at, or averaged upstream of, a reference drainage area. Our results highlight that cross-divide contrasts in χ only faithfully reflect current divide mobility when uplift, rock erodibility, climate, and catchment outlet elevation are uniform across both river networks on either side of the divide, otherwise a χ-anomaly only indicates a possible future divide instability. The other metrics appear to be more reliable representations of current divide motion, but in natural landscapes, only cross-divide contrasts in mean gradient and local relief appear to consistently provide useful information. Multiple divide metrics should be considered simultaneously and across-divide values of all metrics examined quantitatively as visual assessment is not sufficiently reliable in many cases. We provide a series of Matlab tools built using TopoToolbox to facilitate routine analysis
A Hierarchical Grouping Algorithm for the Multi-Vehicle Dial-a-Ride Problem
Ride-sharing is an essential aspect of modern urban mobility. In this paper,
we consider a classical problem in ride-sharing - the Multi-Vehicle Dial-a-Ride
Problem (Multi-Vehicle DaRP). Given a fleet of vehicles with a fixed capacity
stationed at various locations and a set of ride requests specified by origins
and destinations, the goal is to serve all requests such that no vehicle is
assigned more passengers than its capacity at any point along its trip. We
propose an algorithm HRA, which is the first non-trivial approximation
algorithm for the Multi-Vehicle DaRP. The main technical contribution is to
reduce the Multi-Vehicle DaRP to a certain capacitated partitioning problem,
which we solve using a novel hierarchical grouping algorithm. Experimental
results show that the vehicle routes produced by our algorithm not only exhibit
less total travel distance compared to state-of-the-art baselines, but also
enjoy a small in-transit latency, which crucially relates to riders' traveling
times. This suggests that HRA enhances rider experience while being
energy-efficient
Phase-Dependent Spontaneous Spin Polarization and Bifurcation Delay in Coupled Two-Component Bose-Einstein Condensates
The spontaneous spin polarization and bifurcation delay in two-component
Bose-Einstein condensates coupled with laser or/and radio-frequency pulses are
investigated. We find that the bifurcation and the spontaneous spin
polarization are determined by both physical parameters and relative phase
between two condensates. Through bifurcations, the system enters into the
spontaneous spin polarization regime from the Rabi regime. We also find that
bifurcation delay appears when the parameter is swept through a static
bifurcation point. This bifurcation delay is responsible for metastability
leading to hysteresis.Comment: Improved version for cond-mat/021157
Age at death estimation from bone histology in Malaysian males.
Estimation of age from microscopic examination of human bone utilizes bone remodeling. This allows 2 regression equation to be determined in a specific population based on the variation in osteon turnover in different populations. The aim of this study was to provide age estimation for Malaysian males. Ground undecalcified cross sections were prepared from long limb bones of 50 deceased males aged between 21 and 78 years. Ten microstructural parameters were measured and subjected to multivariate regression analysis. Results showed that osteon count had the highest correlation with age (R = 0.43), and age was estimated to be within 10.94 years of the true value in 98% of males. Cross validation of the equation on 50 individuals showed close correspondence of true ages with estimated ages. Further studies are needed to validate and expand these results
Quantification of complementarity in multi-qubit systems
Complementarity was originally introduced as a qualitative concept for the
discussion of properties of quantum mechanical objects that are classically
incompatible. More recently, complementarity has become a \emph{quantitative}
relation between classically incompatible properties, such as visibility of
interference fringes and "which-way" information, but also between purely
quantum mechanical properties, such as measures of entanglement. We discuss
different complementarity relations for systems of 2-, 3-, or \textit{n}
qubits. Using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, we have experimentally
verified some of these complementarity relations in a two-qubit system.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures (A display error about the figures in the
previous version
Avalanche dynamics in Bak-Sneppen evolution model observed with standard distribution width of fitness
We introduce the standard distribution width of fitness to characterize the
global and individual features of a ecosystem in the Bak-Sneppen evolution
model. Through tracking this quantity in evolution, a different hierarchy of
avalanche dynamics, avalanche is observed. The corresponding gap
equation and the self-organized threshold are obtained. The critical
exponents and , which describe the behavior of the
avalanche size distribution, the average avalanche size and the relaxation to
attractor, respectively, are calculated with numerical simulation. The exact
master equation and equation are derived. And the scaling relations
are established among the critical exponents of this new avalanche.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure
- …