The preparation of ketene dithioacetals and thiophenes from chloropyridines containing an active methylene group

The base catalysed reaction of carbon disulphide with the active methylene groups of chloropyridines 4 and 7, followed by alkylation with reagents which also contain active methylene groups, lead to ketene dithioacetals. Further reaction with base afforded highly substituted thiophenes

Screams on Screens: Paradigms of Horror

This paper offers a broad historical overview of the ideology and cultural roots of horror films. The genre of horror has been an important part of film history from the beginning and has never fallen from public popularity. It has also been a staple category of multiple national cinemas, and benefits from a most extensive network of extra-cinematic institutions. Horror movies aim to rudely move us out of our complacency in the quotidian world, by way of negative emotions such as horror, fear, suspense, terror, and disgust. To do so, horror addresses fears that are both universally taboo and that also respond to historically and culturally specific anxieties. The ideology of horror has shifted historically according to contemporaneous cultural anxieties, including the fear of repressed animal desires, sexual difference, nuclear warfare and mass annihilation, lurking madness and violence hiding underneath the quotidian, and bodily decay. But whatever the particular fears exploited by particular horror films, they provide viewers with vicarious but controlled thrills, and thus offer a release, a catharsis, of our collective and individual fears. *** Cet article offre un large survol historique de l’idéologie et des racines culturelles des films d’horreur. Le genre de l’horreur a toujours été une partie importante de l’histoire du cinéma et n’est jamais passé de mode auprès du public. Il constitue aussi une catégorie de base de plusieurs cinémas nationaux, et bénéficie d’un réseau étendu d’institutions extra-cinématographiques. Les films d’horreur visent à nous déloger de notre complaisance dans le monde quotidien par des émotions négatives comme l’horreur, la peur, le suspense, la terreur, et le dégoût. Pour ce faire, l’horreur met en scène des peurs qui sont à la fois universellement taboues et qui répondent également à des anxiétés historiquement et culturellement spécifiques. L’idéologie de l’horreur s’est transformée historiquement en accord avec des anxiétés culturelles contemporaines, comme la peur de désirs animaux réprimés, de la différence sexuelle, de la guerre nucléaire et de la destruction massive, de la folie et de la violence cachées sous le quotidien, et du dépérissement du corps. Indépendamment des peurs spécifiques exploitées dans des films particuliers, les films d’horreur proposent aux spectateurs des sensations fortes substitutives et contrôlées, et offrent ainsi la possibilité de décharger, par le biais d’une catharsis, nos peurs collectives et individuelles. This issue was generously supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and published in partnership with Ludiciné

Combining internal- and external-training-load measures in professional rugby league

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of training mode on the relationships between measures of training load in professional rugby league players. Methods: Five measures of training load (internal: individualized training impulse, session rating of perceived exertion; external—body load, high-speed distance, total impacts) were collected from 17 professional male rugby league players over the course of two 12-week pre-season periods. Training was categorized by mode (small-sided games, conditioning, skills, speed, strongman, and wrestle) and subsequently subjected to a principal component analysis. Extraction criteria were set at an eigenvalue of greater than one. Modes that extracted more than one principal component were subjected to a varimax rotation. Results: Small-sided games and conditioning extracted one principal component, explaining 68% and 52% of the variance, respectively. Skills, wrestle, strongman, and speed extracted two principal components explaining 68%, 71%, 72%, and 67% of the variance respectively. Conclusions: In certain training modes the inclusion of both internal and external training load measures explained a greater proportion of the variance than any one individual measure. This would suggest that in those training modes where two principal components were identified, the use of only a single internal or external training load measure could potentially lead to an underestimation of the training dose. Consequently, a combination of internal and external load measures is required during certain training modes

The color of experience

As a design principle and element, color often suffers from brief pedagogies in most first year design experiences. An approach anchored in serial exercises and the acquisition of an invariable lexicon often leaves the spirit of color undiscovered in terms of the dynamic experience it brings to surfaces, materials, objects, environments and human engagements. A recently redesigned First Year Program at the Ontario College of Art & Design (OCAD University), places color in the context of culture, environment, and dimension. While color terminology remains intact, it is the introduction of sensory exposures to color in context that will begin to shift color studies away from existing, conventional curriculum to a more engaged and critically aware investigation of this crucial design element. In an introductory color studio, an attempt to address six distinct programs (Industrial Design, Environmental Design, Graphic Design, Advertising, Illustration and Material Design) may seem daunting as a pedagogical stance, but it is one that deserves attention as color serves as a mediating common ground amongst design disciplines. While it is not the place of any one studio to replace and integrate disciplinary specificity, the proposed course Color in Context seeks to afford students an experience of color that crosses dimensions, manifestations, and cultures. The inclusion of a bias system – cultural, dimensional, and environmental – in a studio framework is pedagogically significant as each bias has haptic dimensions that shape the human experience of color. Climate, geography, light, and topography serve as initial perspectives to situate color in relation to the specificities of different contexts. Yet, the very phenomena we experience as color is both physiological and psychological – it is of the body and the brain. The relationship between the external and internal realities of color is hindered by a static lexicon, and necessitates a shift to a new territory of experiential learning. The integration of a bias system into a more holistic pedagogy of color provides a more relevant experience of color for emerging designers. Beyond the existing lexicon of color terms, the flatness of color wheels, swatches and rubrics of color interaction, is a new approach that is rooted in context. An approach that investigates how our bias to color influences how we interpret, use, and come to understand why our color choices are appropriate, effective and meaningful. Color in Context challenges students to look beyond the lexicon of color theory and serial exercises to discover the effects of the external world. The construction of a broader, more inclusive point of view, in tandem with an investigation of our internal reality as sensory beings, forms a rich base for the initial and continuing education in color. Using context as the primary filter, a discussion of newly designed projects will interrogate an experiential pedagogy of color that will demonstrate how interdisciplinary links between practices and intrinsic biases foster deeper, more meaningful and relevant practices of color to design outcomes

Investigation of Methodologies Used by Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) Motor Carriers to Determine Fuel Surcharges

Fuel surcharge policies are utilized by transportation companies to transfer the expense associated with fuel prices to their customers. As fuel surcharges have become a significant portion of the expenses on transportation invoices, an increasing number of shippers are expressing more interest in these policies. The objective of this study is to discover how less-than-truckload (LTL) carriers develop and utilize fuel surcharge policies to recover their fuel expenses. Thirty-nine top LTL carriers were called on to explain their perspectives and methodologies with regard to fuel surcharge policies. Part-to-whole qualitative analysis was conducted to summarize responses from a standardized interview protocol. In addition, 25 published fuel surcharge policies were obtained and analyzed to explore the disparities among LTL fuel surcharge policies. Findings show that, while carriers were reluctant to discuss their fuel surcharge development, in practice there were two primary methodologies that left all carriers with very similar fuel surcharge policies

Investigation of Methodologies Used by Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) Motor Carriers to Determine Fuel Surcharges

The objective of this study was to discover how less-than-truckload (LTL) carriers develop and utilize fuel surcharge policies to recover their fuel expenses. Thirty-nine top LTL carriers were contacted to explain their perspectives and methodologies with regard to fuel surcharge policies. Part-to-whole qualitative analysis was conducted to summarize responses from a standardized interview protocol. In addition, twenty-five published fuel surcharge policies were analyzed. Findings show that, while carriers were reluctant to discuss their fuel surcharge development, in practice there were two primary methodologies that left all carriers with very similar fuel surcharge policies

TCF/Lef regulates the Gsx ParaHox gene in central nervous system development in chordates

This research was supported by a BBSRC-DTG studentship to M.G.G, and Clarendon, ORS and EPA Cephalosporin scholarships to P.W.O.Background The ParaHox genes play an integral role in the anterior-posterior (A-P) patterning of the nervous system and gut of most animals. The ParaHox cluster is an ideal system in which to study the evolution and regulation of developmental genes and gene clusters, as it displays similar regulatory phenomena to its sister cluster, the Hox cluster, but offers a much simpler system with only three genes. Results Using Ciona intestinalis transgenics, we isolated a regulatory element upstream of Branchiostoma floridae Gsx that drives expression within the central nervous system of Ciona embryos. The minimal amphioxus enhancer region required to drive CNS expression has been identified, along with surrounding sequence that increases the efficiency of reporter expression throughout the Ciona CNS. TCF/Lef binding sites were identified and mutagenized and found to be required to drive the CNS expression. Also, individual contributions of TCF/Lef sites varied across the regulatory region, revealing a partial division of function across the Bf-Gsx-Up regulatory element. Finally, when all TCF/Lef binding sites are mutated CNS expression is not only abolished, but a latent repressive function is also unmasked. Conclusions We have identified a B. floridae Gsx upstream regulatory element that drives CNS expression within transgenic Ciona intestinalis, and have shown that this CNS expression is dependent upon TCF/Lef binding sites. We examine the evolutionary and developmental implications of these results, and discuss the possibility of TCF/Lef not only as a regulator of chordate Gsx, but as a deeply conserved regulatory factor controlling all three ParaHox genes across the Metazoa.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe