スポーツレガシー形成へのスポーツ政策の寄与に関する研究 : 2000年シドニーオリンピック競技大会を事例として

The impacts of hosting the Olympic Games on a host city/nation are significant, and therefore how to minimize the negative effects and maximize the positive effect has been an issue for the event owner, the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC aims to leave so-called ‘legacy,’ which are to be long-term positive effects, in host cities and nations. The legacy issues captured Olympic stakeholders and researchers, after the IOC Olympic Study Centre and Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain jointly held a symposium ‘The Legacy of the Olympic Games: 1984–2000’ in 2002. As shown in the title, the discussion targeted the 1984 Olympic Games and after. This was because the impact of hosting the Olympic Games became larger as more stakeholder were involved in the management after the introduction of commercialization at the 1984 Los Angeles Games. The change in the management source from public fund to private fund was successful with revenue being generated at the Olympics. It probably saved the Olympic Movement from the financial crisis. However, such expansion of the Games was revisited in response to a growing global concern on the environment and sustainable development in 1990s. The IOC launched a legacy/impact study in 2001 and introduced indicators in 2003 to measure impacts on host cities and nations. The indicators were collectively called as Olympic Games Global Impact (OGGI) study, covering three areas of economy, environment and society. The Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games (OCOGs) were required to collect data based on the indicators and to submit reports accordingly. The OGGI was then reviewed and the name was changed to Olympic Games Impact (OGI) study in 2007. The introduction of the OGGI/OGI study was a positive step to understand the impacts, however, some researchers pointed out the issues such as difficulty in collecting required data and inconsistent methodologies in the data. Not only the OGGI/OGI study but also most of the existing legacy studies focused on ‘impacts’ immediately after the Olympic Games. As a result, those existing legacy studies did not find any evidence that hosting the Olympic Games left a sustainable sport legacy in a host city/nation, for example. This is due to the limitations in the methodology where the secondary data such as sport participation rate or club membership were analysed. It is difficult to establish the relationship between the trend in such data and the Olympic Games, because other factors might affect the changes. Those legacy studies are considered as an outcome-based study. Therefore, this study applied a different approach by focusing on the process rather than the outcome. As a case study, this study focused on sport legacies in accordance with the objective of ‘Olympism’, a word/philosophy created by Pierre de Coubertin who revived the modern Olympics. In addition, this study chose the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games to analyse long-term sport legacies. According to the pilot study, sport policy could contribute to develop sport legacy and therefore this study analysed the process of Australian federal sport policy from the time the city of Sydney bid for the 2000 Olympics, to date. Through the sport policy analysis, some sustainable sport legacies were found, which existing studies did not refer to. They are: Australian Youth Olympic Festival (AYOF) organized by Australian Olympic Committee (AOC); Sydney Marathon owned by Athletics Australia; and sport activities at the Sydney Olympic Park overseen by Sydney Olympic Park Authority. In addition, another sport legacy ‘Pierre de Coubertin Award’ conducted by the AOC was also found and analysed. The national sport policy played an important role for the success of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, especially at early stage of the preparation, but it was not directly involved in the development of sport legacies. Those sustainable sport legacies were not planned in advance but developed almost by accident in the case of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. This might be because its preparation was made in the 1990s before the ‘legacy’ issues captured Olympic stakeholders. However, there are still lessons from the case study. For example, it might be better that national sport policy be responsible for developing national programs/networks for sports or physical activities than local authority does. Sport policy would be able to be a primary legacy actor, in order that everyone enjoys the legacy from the Olympic Games. This study would be helpful for future bid cities/nations and host cities/nations to plan their sport legacy of the Olympic Games.首都大学東京, 2015-03-25, 博士（学術）, 乙第93号首都大学東

Upregulation of IGF-I in the goldfish retinal ganglion cells during the early stage of optic nerve regeneration

金沢大学医薬保健研究域　医学系Goldfish retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can regrow their axons after optic nerve injury. However, the reason why goldfish RGCs can regenerate after nerve injury is largely unknown at the molecular level. To investigate regenerative properties of goldfish RGCs, we divided the RGC regeneration process into two components: (1) RGC survival, and (2) axonal elongation processes. To characterize the RGC survival signaling pathway after optic nerve injury, we investigated cell survival/death signals such as Bcl-2 family members in the goldfish retina. Amounts of phospho-Akt (p-Akt) and phospho-Bad (p-Bad) in the goldfish retina rapidly increased four- to five-fold at the protein level by 3-5 days after nerve injury. Subsequently, Bcl-2 levels increased 1.7-fold, accompanied by a slight reduction in caspase-3 activity 10-20 days after injury. Furthermore, level of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which activates the phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt system, increased 2-3 days earlier than that of p-Akt in the goldfish retina. The cellular localization of these molecular changes was limited to RGCs. IGF-I treatment significantly induced phosphorylation of Akt, and strikingly induced neurite outgrowth in the goldfish retina in vitro. On the contrary, addition of the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, and IGF-I antibody inhibited Akt phosphorylation and neurite outgrowth in an explant culture. Thus, we demonstrated, for the first time, the signal cascade for early upregulation of IGF-I, leading to RGC survival and axonal regeneration in adult goldfish retinas through PI3K/Akt system after optic nerve injury. The present data strongly indicate that IGF-I is one of the most important molecules for controlling regeneration of RGCs after optic nerve injury. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Nitric oxide-cGMP signaling regulates axonal elongation during optic nerve regeneration in the goldfish in vitro and in vivo

金沢大学医薬保健研究域　医学系Nitric oxide (NO) signaling results in both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects in CNS and PNS neurons, respectively, after nerve lesioning. We investigated the role of NO signaling on optic nerve regeneration in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). NADPH diaphorase staining revealed that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was up-regulated primarily in the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) 5-40 days after axotomy. Levels of neuronal NOS (nNOS) mRNA and protein also increased in the RGCs alone during this period. This period (5-40 days) overlapped with the process of axonal elongation during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of NO signaling molecules upon neurite outgrowth from adult goldfish axotomized RGCs in culture. NO donors and dibutyryl cGMP increased neurite outgrowth dose-dependently. In contrast, a nNOS inhibitor and small interfering RNA, specific for the nNOS gene, suppressed neurite outgrowth from the injured RGCs. Intra-ocular dibutyryl cGMP promoted the axonal regeneration from injured RGCs in vivo. None of these molecules had an effect on cell death/survival in this culture system. This is the first report showing that NO-cGMP signaling pathway through nNOS activation is involved in neuroregeneration in fish CNS neurons after nerve lesioning. © 2009 International Society for Neurochemistry.出版社許諾要件により、2010年9月より全文公開

地域社会で生きるがんサバイバーを支援するスタッフ養成経験型学習プログラムの試み

ファミリー・ホスピス株式会社京都府立医科大学大学院保健看護学研究科独立行政法人 国立病院機構 京都医療センター京都大学大学院医学研究科大阪大学CO デザインセンタ―Family Hospice, Ltd.Graduate School of Nursing for Health Care Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineNational Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical CenterGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityCenter for the Study of CO Design, Osaka University本研究は、地域社会で生きるがんサバイバーを支援するスタッフを養成するための学習プログラムを展開し、学習効果を検討することを目的とした。13名を対象にプログラムを実施した。本プログラムの特徴は、支援者が患者－医療者といった役割や立場にとらわれず、Safe Community of Inquiry（以下、ScoI）に基づく対話を体験し、対話的態度を身に付けることを試みた点である。プログラムの評価指標は、量的な評価として対話評価項目、批判的思考態度尺度、講義内容の理解度、対話体験の自己評価などを設定した。さらに、質的評価として、対話体験の自己評価の選定理由から得られた質的データ、支援に対する認識を設定した。分析対象者は12名であった。対話評価項目、批判的思考態度尺度の前後比較において有意な差は認めなかったが、講義内容の理解度、対話体験、支援に対する認識の自己評価は高かった。対話体験の自己評価の選定理由から得られたデータの質的分析では、対話体験の特徴として【自分らしくいられる場への信頼】【問いの本質への探究】【ケア的思考への気づき】【自己内省することにより得られた発見】の4カテゴリが抽出され、本プログラムの対話体験が、SCoIに基づく対話として成立していたことが示唆された。量的評価による有意差は認めなかったが、講義の理解度、対象者の対話体験の質的分析結果等から本プログラムの実施可能性が示唆されたと考える。今後はプログラムを修正した上で、評価指標も含め再構築していくことが課題である

Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with better endothelial function: a cross sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Moderate alcohol consumption is protective against coronary artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The effects of alcohol consumption on endothelial function may be relevant to these cardiovascular outcomes, but very few studies have examined the effect of alcohol consumption on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery in humans.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In the population-based Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), we performed a cross-sectional analysis of lifetime alcohol intake and brachial artery FMD during reactive hyperemia using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound images among 884 stroke-free participants (mean age 66.8 years, women 56.6%, Hispanic 67.4%, black 17.4%, and white 15.2%).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean brachial FMD was 5.7% and the median was 5.5%. Compared to non-drinkers, those who drank >1 drink/month to 2 drinks/day were more likely to have FMD above the median FMD (5.5%) (unadjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4, p = 0.005). In multivariate analysis, the relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and FMD remained significant after adjusting for multiple traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including sex, race-ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, Framingham risk score, medication use (adjusted OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1–3.0, p = 0.03). No beneficial effect on FMD was seen for those who drank more than 2 drinks/day.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In conclusion, consumption of up to 2 alcoholic beverages per day was independently associated with better FMD compared to no alcohol consumption in this multiethnic population. This effect on FMD may represent an important mechanism in explaining the protective effect of alcohol intake on cardiovascular disease.</p

初年次基礎教育科目における予習課題および復習、Google Classroom を使用した小テストの学生の実施状況および学生からの評価

　初年次基礎教育科目「疾病治療概論」における予習課題、復習、Google Classroom を使用した小テストに対する評価を明らかにすることを目的として、A 大学の1 年生を対象にアンケート調査を行った。72 名より回答があり（回収率97.3％）、予習課題は授業内容の理解に役立ったかの質問には、“そう思う”が40.3％、“ややそう思う”が52.8％であった。復習は授業内容の理解に役立ったかの質問には、“そう思う”が61.4％、“ややそう思う”が38.6％であった。小テストは授業内容の理解に役立ったかの質問には、“そう思う”が56.3％、“ややそう思う”42.3％であり、今後の授業でもGoogle Classroom を使った小テストを希望する学生は65.3％であった。　web 経由でスマートフォンから手軽に解答できるツールは、授業内容の理解を高めることに有効であり、新型コロナウイルス感染症が流行している状況においても学習の継続に貢献できる可能性が示された