Les bas-fonds de la plaine de Kairouan : de terres marginalisées à lieux d'expérimentation agricole

Depuis les années 1970, la plaine de Kairouan a connu un important développement de l'agriculture irriguée par les eaux souterraines et donc une augmentation de la pression foncière. Dans ce contexte, les terres de bas-fonds, longtemps marginalisées, ont été progressivement mises en valeur, et de façon différente des autres terres de plaine. À partir d'une approche systémique et diachronique, nous analysons les différentes formes de mise en valeur des bas-fonds et leurs déterminants dans le territoire d'Abida Ouest, depuis les années 1960. Avec la construction de barrages en amont et la régulation des crues qu'ils ont permise, les bas-fonds, qui étaient autrefois perçus comme impropres aux cultures à cause du risque d'inondation, sont mis en valeur, particulièrement par des jeunes. Leur exploitation est une alternative à la pression croissante sur les autres ressources foncières et aux inégalités d'accès aux eaux souterraines. Ces terres sont des lieux d'installation qui permettent à des jeunes ruraux pluriactifs d'expérimenter de nouvelles formes d'agriculture et d'accéder à de nouvelles opportunités. (Résumé d'auteur

Les zones tampons humides artificielles pour réduire les pollutions des nappes par les pesticides issus des réseaux de drainage : une innovation en marche ?

Pesticides carried off by surface runoff or tile drainage system can be mitigated through “buffer zones” such as buffer strips and constructed wetlands. Buffer strips can be qualified as successful innovations since they switched from an experimental stage to their adoption in the regulatory texts and by the farmers. Constructed wetlands, still at the experimental stage in France, have required a compromise between a technical optimum and the requests of the farmers to be implemented for a first time. From an ex-post perspective for buffer strips and an ex-ante evaluation for constructed wetlands, this study analyses their transition from the concept phase to their appropriation by users. Those two devices follow each a different deployment approach but the implementation of a binding regulation, still not established for constructed wetlands, is the common denominator.Le maintien de « zones tampons » telles que les bandes enherbées permet de capter les transferts superficiels de produits phytosanitaires et les Zones Tampons Humides Artificielles (ZTHA), les transferts par les réseaux de drainage. Les premières peuvent être qualifiées d'innovations réussies dans le sens où elles sont passées d'un stade expérimental vers une adoption dans les textes réglementaires et par la profession agricole. Les deuxièmes, encore au stade expérimental, ont nécessité un compromis entre un optimum technique et les requêtes des agriculteurs, afin d'être diffusées une première fois. En nous basant sur une analyse ex-post pour les bandes enherbées et ex-ante pour les ZTHA, nous analysons leur passage depuis la phase de conception vers leur appropriation par les usagers. Le déploiement de ces deux dispositifs suit deux approches différentes mais la mise en place d'une réglementation contraignante, encore non instaurée pour les ZTHA, est le dénominateur commun

The 12th “Iter Mediterraneum” in Tunisia, 24 March – 4 April 2014

The organization and logistics of the 12th OPTIMA Iter in Tunisia from 24 March to 4 April 2014 by OPTIMA and ATUTAX is here reported. The material used and the workflow are illustrated as reference for the organization of future similar collaborative botanical excursions

Composición del aceite de la semilla del pistacho (Pistacia vera): efectos de la situación geográfica y de la variedad

This study was aimed at characterizing four Tunisian pistachio cultivations (Pistacia vera) from the Mateur (North), Nabeul (North-East), Kairouan (Middle) and Sfax (Middle- East) regions and two varieties, Mateur and Ohadi, considering fatty acid composition and main lipid class contents (polar lipids, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols and free fatty acids) in ripe seeds. Lipid classes were separated using thin layer chromatography, and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Oleic acid (C18:1 Δ9) was the major fatty acid for all samples; those of the Mateur region (the northern region) differed significantly with the lowest content in C18:1 (54.2 % of total fatty acids) and the highest in C18:2 (24.1 %). The total amount of fatty acids (TFA) in the seeds of Ohadi variety was significantly lower than that of the Mateur variety from the Sfax region. Triacylglycerols were most abundant in pistachio seeds from Nabeul (98.5% of total glycerolipids).Este estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar cuatro cultivos de pistacho (Pistacia vera) de Túnez, de las regiones de Mateur (Norte), Nabeul (Nordeste), Kairouan (Centro) y Sfax (Centro-Este) y dos variedades, Mateur and Ohadi, considerando la composición en ácidos grasos y de lípidos mayoritarios (lípidos polares, diglicéridos, triglicéridos y ácidos grasos libres) de semillas maduras. Los lípidos se separaron mediante cromatografía en capa fina, y los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos grasos (FAMEs) se analizaron por cromatografía de gases. El ácido oleico (C18:1 Δ9) fue el mayoritario en todas las muestras; las de la región de Mateur (Norte) fueron significativamente distintas, presentando el contenido más bajo de C18:1 (54.2 % del total de ácidos grasos) y más alto de C18:2 (24.1 %). La cantidad total de ácidos grasos (TFA) en las semillas de la variedad Ohadi fue significativamente más bajo que el de la variedad Mateur de la región de Sfax. Los triglicéridos fueron el componente más importante en la semillas de pistacho de Nabeul (98.5% del total de glicerolípidos)

HESS Opinions: Drought impacts as failed prospects

Human actions induce and modify droughts. However, scientific gaps remain with respect to how hydrological processes, anthropogenic dynamics, and individuals' perceptions of impacts are intrinsically entangled in drought occurrence and evolution. This adds complexity to drought assessment studies that cannot be addressed by the natural and environmental sciences alone. Furthermore, it poses a challenge with respect to developing ways to evaluate human behaviour and its pattern of co-evolution with the hydrological cycle – mainly related to water use and landscape modifications. During fieldwork in Brazil, we observed how drought impacts were experienced by people who were exposed to a multi-year drought. Evaluating our data, it appeared that prospect theory, a behavioural economic theory that is usually applied to explain decision-making processes under uncertainty, has explanatory power regarding what we observed in the field. Therefore, we propose an interdisciplinary approach to improve the understanding of drought impact emergence using this theory. When employing prospect theory in this context, drought impacts are considered failed welfare expectations (“prospects”) due to water shortage. A shifting baseline after prolonged exposure to drought can therefore mitigate experienced drought impacts. We demonstrate that this theory can also contribute to explaining socio-hydrological phenomena, such as reservoir effects. This new approach can help bridge natural science and social science perspectives, resulting in integrated drought management that considers the local context.</p

Review article: Drought as a continuum – memory effects in interlinked hydrological, ecological, and social systems

Droughts are often long-lasting phenomena, without a distinct start or end and with impacts cascading across sectors and systems, creating long-term legacies. Nevertheless, our current perceptions and management of droughts and their impacts are often event-based, which can limit the effective assessment of drought risks and reduction of drought impacts. Here, we advocate for changing this perspective and viewing drought as a hydrological–ecological–social continuum. We take a systems theory perspective and focus on how “memory” causes feedback and interactions between parts of the interconnected systems at different timescales. We first discuss the characteristics of the drought continuum with a focus on the hydrological, ecological, and social systems separately, and then we study the system of systems. Our analysis is based on a review of the literature and a study of five cases: Chile, the Colorado River basin in the USA, northeast Brazil, Kenya, and the Rhine River basin in northwest Europe. We find that the memories of past dry and wet periods, carried by both bio-physical (e.g. groundwater, vegetation) and social systems (e.g. people, governance), influence how future drought risk manifests. We identify four archetypes of drought dynamics: impact and recovery, slow resilience building, gradual collapse, and high resilience–big shock. The interactions between the hydrological, ecological, and social systems result in systems shifting between these types, which plays out differently in the five case studies. We call for more research on drought preconditions and recovery in different systems, on dynamics cascading between systems and triggering system changes, and on dynamic vulnerability and maladaptation. Additionally, we advocate for more continuous monitoring of drought hazards and impacts, modelling tools that better incorporate memories and adaptation responses, and management strategies that increase societal and institutional memory. This will help us to better deal with the complex hydrological–ecological–social drought continuum and identify effective pathways to adaptation and mitigation