Shootin1: a protein involved in the organization of an asymmetric signal for neuronal polarization

Neurons have the remarkable ability to polarize even in symmetrical in vitro environments. Although recent studies have shown that asymmetric intracellular signals can induce neuronal polarization, it remains unclear how these polarized signals are organized without asymmetric cues. We describe a novel protein, named shootin1, that became up-regulated during polarization of hippocampal neurons and began fluctuating accumulation among multiple neurites. Eventually, shootin1 accumulated asymmetrically in a single neurite, which led to axon induction for polarization. Disturbing the asymmetric organization of shootin1 by excess shootin1 disrupted polarization, whereas repressing shootin1 expression inhibited polarization. Overexpression and RNA interference data suggest that shootin1 is required for spatially localized phosphoinositide-3-kinase activity. Shootin1 was transported anterogradely to the growth cones and diffused back to the soma; inhibiting this transport prevented its asymmetric accumulation in neurons. We propose that shootin1 is involved in the generation of internal asymmetric signals required for neuronal polarization

大学生ラグビープレーヤーにおけるキーワードを用いたコーチングの効果に関する基礎研究

This is a basic study to clarify the effectiveness of a coaching method using "key-words", which has been under way for over a year, in a university rugby club as a new approach to teaching players to make a quick and an appropnate decisions. The purpose is also to find out how this "coaching using key-words" method spread amongst the players. The results, which include some procedual problems occured in the experiments, are as follow; 1) The average frequency of key-words comprehension among regulars (starting members and other playing members) and reserves (non-playing members) the difference were minimal. But in regards to the decision making influenced by key-words, the differences between regulars and reserves were very great in favor of regulars. The conclusion from this finding is that regulars used key-words as bases for their decision makings, opposed to reserves who recognized key-words but the words did not influence their decision making. This is caused by differences in actual playing experience and oppertunity for regulars to receive instructings and explanations directly from the coach during specific situation in practice where key-words are used. 2) During this reseach, the overall result showed very low-level of using key-words as hints for decision making. But after closer examination of questionairs, there were problems with players not understand the questions or not completely understanding the choices given in the multiple choice styled questionaire. There was also a problem with large number of choices in the questionaire which was caused by great number of choices or decisions a player must make during a game. The procedure and from of questionaire may need more revising for further reseach. 3) There were many cases showing that both a forward leader and a back leader received almost the same marks as to the points of the key-words and the decision-making in the same situation, compared to other players. This suggests that there was some relationship with the fact that the training sessions and the matches of the examined team was always carried out with leaders who scored high marks and these leaders baring more oppertunity to make decisions on behalf of the team. 4) In the analysis of specific situations, there were many players who received high marks in the scale for both key-words and the decision-making in one specific situation, compared to other situations. The situation which resulted in high marks was "in which backs players move the ball to the open side, penetrate the opposition\u27s defensive line and break through. " This indicate it is possible that the whole team can have the right choice of the key-word and the decision-making in many other situations. In following pages, this paper will examine "the effectiveness of a coaching method using key-words" itself. The auther would like the reader to keep in mind following points throught out this study. 1) To define the ways of the instruction using key-words. Adding a cognitive training using video in addition to the on-field instruction, etc. 2) A consideration of the coaching and video-trainig inplementation period. 3) A consideration of the procedure for the study

ラグビー高校トッププレーヤーの心理的特性に関する研究

We conducted a survey about the mental state of the player who participated in six camps, where JAPAN HIGH SCHOOLS are selected and built up. TSMI test was used as a measure for the survey. The results showed following distinctive features: 1) The players who come from the schools which have never had a JAPAN HIGH SCHOOLS player before have more strained anxiety and uneasiness for failure. The levels of anxiety and uneasiness increased more after the announcement of the JAPAN HIGH SCHOOLS nomination. 2) The players who were in a regular position and performed very well showed less anxiety and uneasiness. On the other hand, the reserves showed stronger anxiety and uneasiness. The regular players got high marks on the scale of the challenge for goal. 3) There are the cases which indicate that captain, who has to play a central role in the team, shows some characteristic scores on the scale of uneasiness, training-planning, etc. 4) There are some interrelation between the evaluation by the coaching staff and the scores on the scale of the willingness for improving technique and willingness for practice

スポーツ情報の認知構造について

This sturdy aimed at clarifying the structure of recognition regarding Sports Information. We investigated the recognition regarding the significance of Sports Information with using the subjects of 275 sports science college students who were regularly committing themselves to physical activities. The results obtained were as follows : 1) We obtained three factors as the results : personal/athletic administration, training and science information, ruling and scouting. 2) According to the cluster analysis, the first cluster indicated the highest score in the ruling and scouting factors. The second cluster indicated the lowest score in the personal/athletic administration factors. The third cluster indicated the highest score in the training and science information factors. The fourth cluster indicated averagely low level in each factors, in particular the lowest in the personal/athletic administration factors. 3) Ball game athletes tended to gather at the second cluster

大学生ラグビープレーヤーに対する認知的トレーニングの効果

This study is a basic research for improving back three defensive players\u27 ability of scanning, decision-making and their ability to coordinate movements with ohter back three players who plays key role within the systematic defensive method. The aim of this research is to demonstrate experimentally, whether the recognition training with videotapes, which has been successful for the offensive phase, will have same effectiveness in the defensive phase. For the purpose of clarifying the effectiveness of the recognition training, the experiment was implemented under the following situations ; 1) During the circumstance which required decision-making, players were provided with situations which had an easy-to-decide options to execute previously agreed defensive pattern with other players of the defense. Specifically, these easy-to-decide options were the set play situations such as scrums, lineouts, as well as ruck and mauls that were considered to require longer time to deliver the ball than a set play. The decision-making process started when opposing SH (Scrum Half) touched the ball and situations which met following conditions; -A situation where offense is expected to attack the open side. -A situation where offense is expected to attack by kicking. -A situation where offense is expected to do both. 2) To clarify the evaluated result of coordinatign movement with other players in back three, decision-making options were limited to open side attack and attack by kicking. The players were required to answer how to react to these two attacking situations. 3) During the decision-making circumstance, the variables which would change from game to game, such as the time remaining, the score which would determine predictions and decisions of defensive pattern, weather conditions, direction of the wind, field conditions were removed from situations which were presented to the players. The result of this experiment are noted as follows; 1) The recognition training with videotapes is demonstrated to be effective for enhancing communication between players in situations where decision-making is needed and for plays associated with the researches by Fobe and Imonata et al. or Nakagawa et al.. 2) The result suggested that the involvement of a coach or similar person would be effective for enhancement of the effects of training. 3) The effect of this training transferred to actual play on the field. 4) The result also suggested that the effect of training reflects in all aspects of the defensive play

The Quiescent Intracluster Medium in the Core of the Perseus Cluster

Clusters of galaxies are the most massive gravitationally-bound objects in the Universe and are still forming. They are thus important probes of cosmological parameters and a host of astrophysical processes. Knowledge of the dynamics of the pervasive hot gas, which dominates in mass over stars in a cluster, is a crucial missing ingredient. It can enable new insights into mechanical energy injection by the central supermassive black hole and the use of hydrostatic equilibrium for the determination of cluster masses. X-rays from the core of the Perseus cluster are emitted by the 50 million K diffuse hot plasma filling its gravitational potential well. The Active Galactic Nucleus of the central galaxy NGC1275 is pumping jetted energy into the surrounding intracluster medium, creating buoyant bubbles filled with relativistic plasma. These likely induce motions in the intracluster medium and heat the inner gas preventing runaway radiative cooling; a process known as Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback. Here we report on Hitomi X-ray observations of the Perseus cluster core, which reveal a remarkably quiescent atmosphere where the gas has a line-of-sight velocity dispersion of 164+/-10 km/s in a region 30-60 kpc from the central nucleus. A gradient in the line-of-sight velocity of 150+/-70 km/s is found across the 60 kpc image of the cluster core. Turbulent pressure support in the gas is 4% or less of the thermodynamic pressure, with large scale shear at most doubling that estimate. We infer that total cluster masses determined from hydrostatic equilibrium in the central regions need little correction for turbulent pressure.Comment: 31 pages, 11 Figs, published in Nature July

日本オリンピック委員会における情報戦略活動

This study summarizes the outline of the ststematic information strategy activities done by Japan Olympic Committee(JOC), which aims to achieve success in the international competitions such as the Olympics. This study shows the things mentioned below: 1) JOC systematically tackles the improvement of international competitiveness, using the word "information strategy" officially. 2) JOC s core organization to tackle the improvement of international competitiveness is "information strategy section" which works as a substructure of the Information and Medical Science Special Committee. 3) "Information strategy section" is a section entrusted as a think-tank for JOC\u27s improvement of international competitiveness. 4) The main roles of "information strategy section" should be to (1) analyze the actual situation (2) make and propose a plan (3) check and evaluate (4) provide information (5) support NF