A Comparative Study on Teacher Training and Education (1) : A Case of The Third Republic of France

　本稿では，教員養成の比較発達史研究の一環としてフランス第三共和政初期の初等教員養成にかかわる思想と制度に，同時期のドイツ（プロイセン）から如何なる影響関係が見られたか，個別事例的に検討した。その結果，第三共和政初期における教育改革のキー・パースンとなる人物を通して，ドイツを含む近隣諸国から試補教員制度が導入・実施されたことが確認された。また，同時期の教員用マニュアルや教員志願者用テキスト（教育学）は同じキー・パースンが紹介した「直観的方法（直観教授）」を忠実に解説しており，この時点でフランスもまたペスタロッチ主義（開発主義）の強い影響を受けていたことが確認された

A Comparative Study on Teacher Training and Education (2): The Establishment of Teacher Training for Elementary Schools in Imperial Russia

　本論は，教員養成（師範教育）におけるジャーマン・インパクトという視角に留意しながら，各国が19-20世紀の国際関係のなかでどのように教員を養成したのかに関する比較発達史的に分析しようとする研究の一部をなす。帝政ロシアでは，クリミア戦争の敗北と国家財政の破綻を背景として，1850年代後半より，国家・社会の近代化に向けた取組が本格化した。そうした中，農奴解放に伴う初等学校網の拡大に対応するため，初等学校教員を養成する事業が政府主導で進められた。具体的には，主にプロイセンをモデルとして，教員セミナリア（1870年）と師範学校（1872年）が設立され，帝政ロシアの初等学校教員の養成に中心的な役割を担った。ただし，当時の初等学校教員の養成において，ヘルバルトの教育思想又はヘルバルト主義教育が，何らかの特別な位置づけがなされていたわけでなかった

Clinical Indication of Laparoscopic Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: The Optimal Extent of Lymph Node Dissection based on Depth of Colorectal Cancer and Technical Feasibility of Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery.

Recently, laparoscopic colorectal surgery has been considered to be appropriate for colorectal cancer, and the feasibility of many laparoscopic techniques has been established; however, the indication for curative colorec-tal cancers is controversial. In this study, before laparoscopic procedure was performed on patients with colorectal cancers, 641 patients who had under-gone open laparotomy for colorectal cancer during the past 16 years were ev-aluated for the distribution of metastatic lymph nodes classified by depth of invasion. The results obtained were as follows: The rate of all lymph node metastasis of patients with pTis was 0%. The rate of intermediate lymph node (n2) metastasis of patients with pT1 and pT2 tumor was low (3.4% and 4.1% respectively) , however, in patients with pT3 and pT4 tumors, this rate was much higher (15.9% and 15.8% respectively) . Therefore, with re-gard to lymph nodes dissection for colorectal cancer it might be concluded that the intermediate lymph nodes metastases in patients with pT1 and pT2 tumors (less than 5%) were negligible. However, in patients with pT3 and pT4 tumors, for the purpose of performing a complete harvest of intermedi-ate lymph nodes, D3-dissection (including principal lymph node dissection) is required. it is questionable whether or not performance of the laparoscopic procedure for cancer achieves the same extent of lymph node dissection as compared with open laparotomy. Dissection was restricted to intermediate grade lymph node including the paracolic lymph nodes (D2) . Accordingly, patients with pT3 and pT4 tumor should be excluded from indication for laparoscopic procedure. Between October 1997 and November 1998, laparoscopic colorectal resec-actions were performed on a limited number of the above mentioned patients with Tis, Ti and T2 tumor. The grade of lymph node dissection was deter-mined by the results of a preoperative assessment of the depth of cancer in-vasion. With the exception of one patient, whose preoperative assessment for depth of cancer invasion was a limitation at the muscularis propria, but whose histological outcome had been pT3 tumor, all the other patients were able to undergo laparoscopic colorectal resection. The final histological results were as follows: 3 patients with pTis tumor, 6 pTl tumor, and 3 pT2 tumor. One of the pT3 patients alone was converted from a laparoscopic pro-cedure to open laparotomy because of the intraoperative proof of intermediate lymph node metastases, and subsequently this patient underwent principal lymph node dissection (D3-dissection) . With regard to the histological metas-tasis of harvested lymph nodes, no patients was found to have regional lymph node metastasis except for one patient only who had a pT3 tumor. Thus the histological findings were similar to those for conventional open laparotomy. In this study, it was concluded that by laparoscopic procedure a safe and complete dissection of intermediate lymph nodes including the paracolic lymph nodes (nl and n2) could be achieved. On the other hand, the true incidence of port site recurrence, and also its mechanism remain unknown to date. However, it is considered that the incidence of port site recurrence in patients with serosal invasion (T4 tumor) is higher than in those without (i.e., patients with pTis, pTl, pT2 and pT3 tumor) . We are also convinced that a number of patients with pTis, pTl and pT2 undergoing laparoscopic procedure were able to gain curative colorectal resection in terms of port site non-recurrence, and strongly believe that the application of laparoscopic col-orectal surgery for cancer might be acceptable

Phase I clinical study of anti-apoptosis protein, survivin-derived peptide vaccine therapy for patients with advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family containing a single baculovirus IAP repeat domain. It is expressed during fetal development but becomes undetectable in terminally differentiated normal adult tissues. We previously reported that survivin and its splicing variant survivin-2B was expressed abundantly in various types of tumor tissues as well as tumor cell lines and was suitable as a target antigen for active-specific anti-cancer immunization. Subsequently, we identified an HLA-A24-restricted antigenic peptide, survivin-2B80-88 (AYACNTSTL) recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We, therefore, started a phase I clinical study assessing the efficacy of survivin-2B peptide vaccination in patients with advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer expressing survivin. Vaccinations with survivin-2B peptide were given subcutaneously six times at 14-day intervals. Of 15 patients who finished receiving the vaccination schedule, three suffered slight toxicities, including anemia (grade 2), general malaise (grade 1), and fever (grade 1). No severe adverse events were observed in any patient. In 6 patients, tumor marker levels (CEA and CA19-9) decreased transiently during the period of vaccination. Slight reduction of the tumor volume was observed in one patient, which was considered a minor responder. No changes were noted in three patients while the remaining eleven patients experienced tumor progression. Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes of one patient using HLA-A24/peptide tetramers revealed an increase in peptide-specific CTL frequency from 0.09% to 0.35% of CD8+ T cells after 4 vaccinations. This phase I clinical study indicates that survivin-2B peptide-based vaccination is safe and should be further considered for potential immune and clinical efficacy in HLA-A24-expression patients with colorectal cancer

From Traditional Factor Analysis Model to Causal Modeling by SEM : Exemplifying the Scale for the Measurement of Anthrophobic Tendency and the Interpersonal Stress-coping Inventory

心理学研究分野での構成概念の次元は、因子間に相関がある因子分析モデルのもとで、主に探索されてきている。Cattell(1966) は、因子間の相関的な関係性を、同じ水準だけではなく異なった水準あるいは層における因子の間での因果モデルヘと発展させた。McArdle(1984) によって示されたように、Cattellのアイデイアは構造方程式モデリングの分野において実現されてきている。本稿の目的は、構成概念妥当性を確認することへの構造方程式モデリングの有効性を示すことである。研究Iでは、堀井・小川(1996、1997) による対人恐怖心性の6因子を探索的因子分析で抽出した。これらの6因子を確認するために、項目による7種類の因子分析的モデルと下位尺度による5つのモデルと1つの因果モデルがAomsによって推定された。研究Ⅱでは、加藤(2000) による対人ストレスコーピング尺度の6因子が同様に抽出された。この尺度からの15項目に対して、6種類の因子分析モデルと1つの因果モデルが分析された。2つの研究共に、最も適合度の高いモデルは因果モデルであった。これらの結果の意味が議論された。The dimensions of the constructs in the fields of psychological research have mostly been explored under the factor analysis model with correlations among factors. Cattell (1966) had expanded such correlational relationships among factors to the causal modeling between factors not only at the same level also at different levels or strata. As indicated by McArdle (1984) Cattell\u27s idea has been actual in the field of structural equation modeling. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of structural equation modeling for confirming the construct validities. In study I, the six factors of anthrophobic tendency by Hoii & Ogawa (1996, 1997) are extracted by the exploratory factor analysis. To confirm the structure of these six factors, seven kinds of factor analytical models using items and five models and one causal model using sub-scales are estimated by the Amos. In study II, the six factors of the interpersonal stress-coping inventory by Kato (2000) are also extracted. For the 15 items from this inventory, six kinds of factor analytical models and one causal model are analyzed. In both studies, the model that fits best is the causal model. The implications of these findings are discussed

Degenerative changes in the appendicular joints of ancient human populations from the Japan Islands

Degenerative changes in six major limb joints were investigated to compare their prevalence among five ancient skeletal populations from the Japan Islands. The populations assessed in this study consisted of the farmers in the northern Kyushu/Yamaguchi area and the foragers from the northwestern Kyushu area from the Yayoi period (5th century BC to 3rd century AD); the Okhotsk (5th to 12th centuries AD) foragers from Hokkaido and Sakhalin; the common people from medieval Kamakura (12th to 14th centuries AD) in Kanto, central Japan; and the early-modern farmers (17th to 19th centuries AD) from Kumejima, in the southernmost island chain (Ryukyu Islands). Crude prevalence comparisons showed that the shoulder and hip joints were principally affected in early-modern Kumejima and medieval Kamakura, which contrasted with the high prevalence of elbow and knee joint changes in the Okhotsk people. The heavy dependence on marine mammals and fish for dietary protein intake probably required flexion and extension movements of the most severely degenerated joints in the Okhotsk people. The northern Kyushu/Yamaguchi and northwestern Kyushu Yayoi peoples were more affected by degeneration in the wrist joints than others, possibly due to their use of innovative tools such as stone or shell knives and harpoons. A multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, region, and sex as the predictor variables for degenerative changes in joints, was applied to only the two samples from Kumejima and Kamakura (including previously reported spine data) because of their better preservation. This revealed differences in the prevalence of changes in some joints; for example, age-related changes were recognized. The Kumejima people were more commonly affected by hip and knee joint changes, whereas the Kamakura people were more commonly affected by changes to apophyseal joints. Because a stable isotope analysis indicated that the trophic levels of the two populations were almost the same, the pattern of degenerative changes would have reflected differences in their specific workloads, such as wet rice cultivation using a peculiar hoe by the Kumejima people. This study, combining multivariate logistic regression analysis of degenerative joint changes and stable isotope analyses, uses large skeletal populations to add clarity to the actual rigors of ancient life. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA