90 лет национальной академии наук Беларуси: роль и результаты аграрной науки

Agrarian science in general and a number of agrarian scientists were at the forefront of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Researches and knowledge in the field of this science in the republic originated in the last third of the XVIII century. Their formation was accelerated by occurrence of Gory-Goretskaya agricultural school 180 years ago in Mogilev province and of the Institute of Belarusian Culture (Inbelkult) in 1922, which gave start to the Academy of Sciences in 1928. It also included agricultural research institutes, which in 1940 made up 30 % of the total number of research institutions in the BSSR. In 1957–2002 agrarian science was united by the sectoral Academy. In 2002 it was included into the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus again, Department of Agrarian Sciences was created which included 25 research organizations, 7 agricultural and 2 industrial enterprises. Today, agricultural knowledge is formed by the structural sub-divisions of the Agrarian Sciences Division of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, other scientific organizations of the Academy, and their joint researches. There are five leading research and production centers for arable farming, livestock breeding, potato and fruit-and-vegetable farming, mechanization of agriculture and foodstuffs, which combined specialized research all the areas of the country's agro-industrial complex and to strengthening the country's agrarian economy. Agrarian scientists have established close relations with colleagues in many countries of the world, but the closest relations have been established with Russian research institutes: a number of research and technical programs have been implemented within the framework of the Union State of Belarus and Russia. There are many famous people among Belarusian agrarians being highly appreciated by the state. Thus, agrarian science of the Republic of Belarus has passed a serious stage of development throughout its history, retaining connection and tradition of several generations of scientists of fundamental importance for research work in the XXI century.Аграрная наука в целом и ряд ученых-аграриев стояли у истоков создания Академии наук БССР. Исследования и знания в области этой науки в республике зародились в последней трети XVIII века. Ускорение их формированию придало образованием 180 лет назад в Могилевской губернии Горы-Горецкой земледельческой школы и в 1922 г. Института белорусской культуры (Инбелкульта), из которого в 1928 г. родилась Академия наук. В ее составе были и сельскохозяйственные научно-исследовательские институты, которые в 1940 г. составляли 30 % от общего числа научных учреждений БССР. В 1957–2002 гг. аграрную науку объединяла отраслевая Академия. В 2002 г. она была снова включена в состав Национальной академии наук Беларуси, создано Отделение аграрных наук, в состав которого вошли 25 научных организаций, 7 сельскохозяйственных и 2 промышленных предприятия. Сегодня аграрные знания формируются структурными подразделениями Отделения аграрных наук Национальной академии наук Беларуси, другими научными организациями академии, их совместными исследованиями. Ведущую роль выполняют пять научно-практических центров – по земледелию, животноводству, картофелеводству и плодоовощеводству, механизации сельского хозяйства, продовольствию, которые объединили профильные научно-исследовательские институты. Благодаря такой организации белорусская наука создает востребованные инновации, способствующие развитию практически всех направлений АПК страны и укреплению аграрной экономики страны. Учеными-аграриями установлены тесные связи с коллегами из многих государств мира, но наиболее тесные контакты сложились с российскими научно-исследовательскими институтами: совместно в рамках Союзного государства Беларуси и России реализован ряд научно-технических программ. Среди белорусских ученых-аграриев немало известных личностей, труд которых высоко оценен государством. Таким образом, за свою историю аграрная наука Республики Беларусь прошла серьезный этап развития, сохранив связь и преемственность нескольких поколений ученых, имеющую принципиальное значение для научных исследований в XXI веке

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ МАШИНЫ С УПРУГО-ЛОПАСТНЫМ РОТОРОМ ДЛЯ МЕХАНИЧЕСКОГО СБОРА КОЛОРАДСКОГО ЖУКА

Potato is the main food product in diet of many people around the world and takes the second place after rice in terms of the global spread. However, the high yields of potatoes are largely affected by pests - Colorado beetles. Colorado beetle control is one of the decisive factors for achieving high yield of potatoes. The widely used chemical method is not suitable for obtaining ecologically clean potatoes. in this case a timely and high-quality collection of the beetle from the tops of potatoes is required, but there are no machines manufactured for these purposes in our country. The use of special equipment for collection of Colorado beetle will make it possible to obtain ecologically clean potatoes and is economically and energetically justified at the present stage of development of agricultural production. The technological scheme of the machine as a part of combined unit for collecting Colorado beetle and inter-row potato cultivation ensuring production of potatoes without chemical protection is proposed. The main design parameters of the machine are theoretically and experimentally substantiated. Based on the research results, experimental unit was assembled for collecting Colorado beetle and potato hilling, it was tested and evaluated in the field. Картофель является основным продуктом питания в рационе многих людей во всем мире и занимает второе место после риса по степени широкомасштабного глобального распространения. Однако получению высоких урожаев картофеля в значительной мере препятствуют вредители – колорадские жуки. Борьба с колорадским жуком – один из решающих факторов достижения высокой урожайности картофеля. Применяемый повсеместно химический метод борьбы не пригоден для получения экологически чистого картофеля. Здесь необходим своевременный и качественный сбор жука с ботвы картофеля, однако машин для этих целей наша промышленность не выпускает. Применение специализированной техники для сбора колорадского жука позволит получить экологический чистый картофель и является экономически и энергетически оправданным на современном этапе развития сельскохозяйственного производства. В работе предложена технологическая схема машины в составе комбинированного агрегата для сбора колорадского жука и междурядной обработки картофеля, обеспечивающего получение картофеля без применения химических средств защиты. Теоретически и экспериментально обоснованы основные конструктивные режимные параметры машины. На основании результатов исследований изготовлен экспериментальный агрегат для сбора колорадского жука и окучивания картофеля, проведена его апробация в полевых условиях и оценена эффективность его работы.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ МАЛОЙ АВИАЦИИ ДЛЯ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ОБРАБОТОК В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

One of the key elements of a successful use of modern intensive technologies of crop cultivation is a timely and high quality chemical treatment of young crops. The paper considers the possibility of the use of small aircraft means for chemical treatment, describes the advantages and disadvantages of this method. The parameters of the effective use of specialized planes “Fermer-3” have been substantiated, and their economic evaluation has been carried out.Одним из ключевых элементов успешной реализации современных интенсивных технологий возделывания сельскохозяйственных культур является своевременное и качественное выполнение комплекса операций по химической обработке посевов. В предлагаемой статье рассмотрена возможность использования в технологическом процессе производства средств малой авиации для проведения химобработок, оценены преимущества и недостатки данного метода. Обоснованы параметры эффективной эксплуатации специализированных самолетов «Фермер-3», выполнена их экономическая оценка по сравнению с классическими средствами механизации, применяемыми в хозяйствах Республики Беларусь

Optical transition radiation interferometry for A0 photoinjector

A charged particle passing through the boundary of two medias with different permittivity values generates Transition Radiation (TR), [1]. The TR is caused by a variation of the particle electric field with variation of the permittivity. The TR for relativistic particles has a wide spectrum with a significant portion in the optical range. The Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) is widely used for a beam profile monitoring and measurements of a beam size. Moreover, OTR can be used to characterize the energy, energy spread and transverse angles in the beam by employing the interference of the OTR from two thin films [2] inserted in the beam trajectory. This method has been applied in number of works [3-5] demonstrating high results and good coincidence in measurements and calculations. In this paper we present and discuss in details a simulation of the interference pattern in several experimental setups. We consider the main optical effects, for diagnostics for the beam properties at A0 Photoinjector and the ILC module test area (NML) in a wide range of electron beam energy. In this paper, we first derive the OTR intensity formula for a single film at 90 degrees to the beam, then for two films at normal incidence, and finally with films at 45 degree incidence to the beam. The last section illustrates application with beam parameters like those at the A0 Photoinjector (electron energy 15 MeV)

Оценка производственных процессов на наиболее типичных фермах и комплексах по производству молока

The article presents the results of research, according to an energy assessment, of the most common options for combining spatial planning and technological solutions of buildings and structures, the set of technological equipment used on the most typical operating farms and milk production complexes. The most significant elements of technology and technological equipment, its operating modes, energy consumption by cost elements for the processes of preparation and distribution of feed, manure removal and provision of the required microclimate parameters, determining the intensity level of the production process in various variants of building layout and livestock, have been studied. The results obtained allow us to determine the most effective options for mechanization and automation of the production process and improve the technological methods of their implementation.Изложены результаты исследований по энергетической оценке наиболее распространенных вариантов сочетания объемно-планировочных и технологических решений зданий и сооружений, применяемого комплекта технологического оборудования на наиболее типичных фермах и комплексах по производству молока. Изучены наиболее значимые элементы технологии и технологическое оборудование, режимы его работы, энергопотребление по элементам затрат для процессов приготовления и раздачи кормов, удаления навоза и обеспечения требуемых параметров микроклимата, определяющие уровень интенсивности производственного процесса при различных вариантах планировки зданий и поголовья животных. Полученные результаты позволяют определить наиболее эффективные варианты механизации и автоматизации производственного процесса и усовершенствовать технологические приемы их выполнения

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)—a powerful separation technique

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) provides an alternative approach to effectively separate small polar compounds on polar stationary phases. The purpose of this work was to review the options for the characterization of HILIC stationary phases and their applications for separations of polar compounds in complex matrices. The characteristics of the hydrophilic stationary phase may affect and in some cases limit the choices of mobile phase composition, ion strength or buffer pH value available, since mechanisms other than hydrophilic partitioning could potentially occur. Enhancing our understanding of retention behavior in HILIC increases the scope of possible applications of liquid chromatography. One interesting option may also be to use HILIC in orthogonal and/or two-dimensional separations. Bioapplications of HILIC systems are also presented

Impact of renal impairment on atrial fibrillation: ESC-EHRA EORP-AF Long-Term General Registry

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and renal impairment share a bidirectional relationship with important pathophysiological interactions. We evaluated the impact of renal impairment in a contemporary cohort of patients with AF. Methods: We utilised the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF Long-Term General Registry. Outcomes were analysed according to renal function by CKD-EPI equation. The primary endpoint was a composite of thromboembolism, major bleeding, acute coronary syndrome and all-cause death. Secondary endpoints were each of these separately including ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic event, intracranial haemorrhage, cardiovascular death and hospital admission. Results: A total of 9306 patients were included. The distribution of patients with no, mild, moderate and severe renal impairment at baseline were 16.9%, 49.3%, 30% and 3.8%, respectively. AF patients with impaired renal function were older, more likely to be females, had worse cardiac imaging parameters and multiple comorbidities. Among patients with an indication for anticoagulation, prescription of these agents was reduced in those with severe renal impairment, p <.001. Over 24 months, impaired renal function was associated with significantly greater incidence of the primary composite outcome and all secondary outcomes. Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated an inverse relationship between eGFR and the primary outcome (HR 1.07 [95% CI, 1.01–1.14] per 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 decrease), that was most notable in patients with eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 (HR 2.21 [95% CI, 1.23–3.99] compared to eGFR ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2). Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with AF suffer from concomitant renal impairment which impacts their overall management. Furthermore, renal impairment is an independent predictor of major adverse events including thromboembolism, major bleeding, acute coronary syndrome and all-cause death in patients with AF

Clinical complexity and impact of the ABC (Atrial fibrillation Better Care) pathway in patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the ESC-EHRA EURObservational Research Programme in AF General Long-Term Registry

Background: Clinical complexity is increasingly prevalent among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The ‘Atrial fibrillation Better Care’ (ABC) pathway approach has been proposed to streamline a more holistic and integrated approach to AF care; however, there are limited data on its usefulness among clinically complex patients. We aim to determine the impact of ABC pathway in a contemporary cohort of clinically complex AF patients. Methods: From the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry, we analysed clinically complex AF patients, defined as the presence of frailty, multimorbidity and/or polypharmacy. A K-medoids cluster analysis was performed to identify different groups of clinical complexity. The impact of an ABC-adherent approach on major outcomes was analysed through Cox-regression analyses and delay of event (DoE) analyses. Results: Among 9966 AF patients included, 8289 (83.1%) were clinically complex. Adherence to the ABC pathway in the clinically complex group reduced the risk of all-cause death (adjusted HR [aHR]: 0.72, 95%CI 0.58–0.91), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs; aHR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.52–0.87) and composite outcome (aHR: 0.70, 95%CI: 0.58–0.85). Adherence to the ABC pathway was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of death (aHR: 0.74, 95%CI 0.56–0.98) and composite outcome (aHR: 0.76, 95%CI 0.60–0.96) also in the high-complexity cluster; similar trends were observed for MACEs. In DoE analyses, an ABC-adherent approach resulted in significant gains in event-free survival for all the outcomes investigated in clinically complex patients. Based on absolute risk reduction at 1 year of follow-up, the number needed to treat for ABC pathway adherence was 24 for all-cause death, 31 for MACEs and 20 for the composite outcome. Conclusions: An ABC-adherent approach reduces the risk of major outcomes in clinically complex AF patients. Ensuring adherence to the ABC pathway is essential to improve clinical outcomes among clinically complex AF patients