Recent Damaging Earthquakes in Japan, 2003-2008

During the last six years, from 2003-2008, Japan has been struck by three significant and damaging earthquakes: The most recent M6.6 Niigata Chuetsu Oki earthquake of July 16, 2007 off the coast of Kashiwazaki City, Japan; The M6.6 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake of October 23, 2004, located in Niigata Prefecture in the central Uonuma Hills; and the M8.0 Tokachi Oki Earthquake of September 26, 2003 effecting southeastern Hokkaido Prefecture. These earthquakes stand out among many in a very active period of seismicity in Japan. Within the upper 100 km of the crust during this period, Japan experienced 472 earthquakes of magnitude 6, or greater. Both Niigata events affected the south-central region of Tohoku Japan, and the Tokachi-Oki earthquake affected a broad region of the continental shelf and slope southeast of the Island of Hokkaido. This report is synthesized from the work of scores of Japanese and US researchers who led and participated in post-earthquake reconnaissance of these earthquakes: their noteworthy and valuable contributions are listed in an extended acknowledgements section at the end of the paper. During the Niigata Chuetsu Oki event of 2007, damage to the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant, structures, infrastructure, and ground were primarily the product of two factors: (1) high intensity motions from this moderate-sized shallow event, and (2) soft, poor performing, or liquefiable soils in the coastal region of southwestern Niigata Prefecture. Structural and geotechnical damage along the slopes of dunes was ubiquitous in the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa region. The 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake was the most significant to affect Japan since the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Forty people were killed, almost 3,000 were injured, and many hundreds of landslides destroyed entire upland villages. Landslides were of all types; some dammed streams, temporarily creating lakes threatening to overtop their new embankments and cause flash floods and mudslides. The numerous landslides resulted, in part, from heavy rain associated with Typhoon Tokage. The earthquake forced more than 100,000 people into temporary shelters, and as many as 10,000 displaced from their upland homes for several years. Total damages was estimated by Japanese authorities at US$40 billion, making this the second most costly disaster in history, after the 1995 Kobe earth-quake. The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake was the third event of magnitude 8.0+ to strike the southeastern portion of Hokkaido in the last 50 years. The event produced tsunami run-ups along the shoreline of southern Hokkaido that reached maximum heights of 4 meters. Accelerations recorded by seismic networks of Hokkaido indicated a high intensity motion region from Hiroo area to Kushiro City, with a PGA values in the range of 0.35 to 0.6g. Despite high acceleration levels, the observed ground failure, liquefaction, structural, port, and lifeline damages were remarkably light

General Report - Session 4

This General Report presents a summary of the 22 papers accepted for the Session 4 focused on Case Histories on Failure and Remediation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, including landslides and Lessons from Recent Earthquakes, and Case Histories on Engineering Vibrations, Vibration Control for Underground and Surface Constructions, with Specific Emphasis on the Urban Environment; Predictions, Monitoring and Solutions; Blasting for Tunnels in Soft Ground and Rock, Discontinuous Rocks and their Application to Water Resources Projects, and Remediation. The papers originate from twelve countries and cover significant topics and projects in the area of geotechnical earthquake engineering, and engineering vibration. These include liquefaction, liquefaction mitigation, lessons from recent earthquakes, landslides, DEM simulation, soil dynamic properties, seismic settlements, seismic hazard and ground motions, seismic waves, site amplification, foundation piles, MSE walls, vibrations and base isolation. Table 1 below presents a list of the accepted papers ordered by topic. The summaries below will provide readers with a general overview of the focus of the papers and is intended to direct the readers to areas of interest. The Session 4 organizers greatly appreciate the efforts of the authors and commend the quality of the accepted papers

HEAT SINK FIXTURE DESIGNS FOR ROW-BASED COMPONENTS PROVIDING ENHANCED THERMAL PERFORMANCE

The installation of components in a row-wise arrangement on a printed circuit board (PCB) is a common occurrence in current switch design. However, with the increasing power dissipation of such components the use of heat sinks becomes necessary. Techniques are presented herein that support a new heat sink fixture design which handles components that are installed in a row. Aspects of the presented techniques consume a minimal amount of PCB area, support the use of a phase-change material (PCM), and are circuit trace friendly

School Leadership Role in Nurturing a Sense of Responsibility in High Schools: A Comparative Study of Afghanistan and Indonesia

The development of a school and the readiness of teachers to teach with dedication, accountability, and enthusiasm depend significantly on leadership. Afghanistan has been a hub for educational advancement, and teachers' dedication and sense of accountability has been a key problem. The majority of Indonesia's educational administration and leadership challenges in schools, in contrast, have been resolved by professional leadership. Through a comparison of Indonesia and Afghanistan, the current study explored the function of school leadership in fostering a feeling of responsibility in teachers. They conducted interviews with school principals and teachers in both nations using a qualitative research design. The study's findings showed that school leaders were crucial in fostering a sense of responsibility at both research sites. Each nation has its own unique school principal practices and nurturing styles. In terms of fostering a sense of responsibility in school teachers, the leadership styles in both nations may be described as democratic in Indonesia and authoritative in Afghanistan as a result of the findings

HUKUM ADAT DI HADAPAN POLITIK HUKUM NERGARA: STUDI SOSIOLOGIS HUKUM MASYARAKAT ADAT REJANG

Teori positivisme hukum berusaha untuk membangun pemaksaan terhadap satu tatanan hukum yang membawahi norma-norma di bawahnya. Suku Rejang merupakan suatu suku yang sebelumnya sangat kokoh dalam memegang teguh hukum adatnya. Namun setelah diteguhkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, kearifan lokal yang selama ini menjadikan mereka nyaman dalam bermasyarakat harus tergerus dan terkikis. Apalagi setelah dikeluarkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa, eksistensi hukum adat mereka semakin pudar. Penelitian ini memotret fenomena tergerusnya hukum adat di hadapan politik hukum nasional yang terjadi di masyarakat Hukum Adat Rejang. Dengan mengacu pada data yang didapatkan, pembahasan fenomena ini dibagi menjadi dua periode, yaitu pada tahun 1999-2004 dan 2004-2015. Pada kesimpulannya, penulis menyarankan agar dibentuknya perundang-undangan khusus yang mengatur tentang perlindungan terhadap pola hukum adat sebagai kearifan lokal negara dalam tatanan hukum dan budaya

Google Earth Mapping of Damage from the Niigata-Ken-Chuetsu M6.6 Earthquake of 16 July 2007

We describe the use of Google Earth during and after a large damaging earthquake that struck the central Japan coast on 16 July 2007 to collect and organize damage information and guide the reconnaissance activities. This software enabled greater real-time collaboration among scientists and engineers. After the field investigation, the Google Earth map is used as a final reporting product that was directly linked to the more traditional research report document. Finally, we analyze the use of the software within the context of a post-disaster reconnaissance investigation, and link it to student use of Google Earth in field situations

Three-Dimensional Photography and Computer Modeling as a Reconstructive Surgical Training Tool

BACKGROUND: Reconstructive surgery operations are often complex, staged, and have a steep learning curve. As a vocational training requiring thorough three-dimensional (3D) understanding of reconstructive techniques, the use of 3D photography and computer modeling can accelerate this learning for surgical trainees. OBJECTIVES: The authors illustrate the benefits of introducing a streamlined reconstructive pathway that integrates 3D photography and computer modeling, to create a learning database for use by trainees and patients alike, to improve learning and comprehension. METHODS: A computer database of 3D photographs and associated computer models was developed for 35 patients undergoing reconstructive facial surgery at the Royal Free Hospital, London, UK. This was used as a training and teaching tool for 20 surgical trainees, with an MCQ questionnaire assessing knowledge and a Likert scale questionnaire assessing satisfaction with the understanding of core reconstructive techniques, given before and after teaching sessions. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test for trainee knowledge and Wilcoxon rank sum test for trainee satisfaction. RESULTS: Trainee (n = 20) knowledge showed a statistically significant improvement, P < .01, as did trainee satisfaction, P < .05, after a teaching session using 3D photography and computer models for facial reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional photography and computer modeling are useful teaching and training tools for reconstructive facial surgery. The authors advocate the implementation of an integrated pathway for patients with facial defects to include 3D photography and computer modeling wherever possible, to develop internal databases for training trainees as well as patients. This algorithm can be extrapolated to other aspects of reconstructive surgery

POLITIK HUKUM NASIONAL TERHADAP HUKUM ADAT (STUDI MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT REJANG DI BENGKULU)

POLITICAL NATIONAL LAW ON INDIGENOUS (Study of Indigeneous People in Bengkulu Rejang) ABSRACT Teguh Kayen, NIM R100140010, Student of Law Magister Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta In the literature of foreign language are much discussed about customary law of Rejang, system of social life, and custemary law of community govermence of Rejang and jurisprudence in the National legal order that related to customary law, however but all within the scope of the system common law. In Indonesian that has Jurisdiction of civil law, it is still very rare studies that integrating between legal studies of law (the theory of legal positivism) and theory recognition. Political implementation of the law towards customary law can not released from the legal political system of law that has existed in indigenous people at the village level. Legislation which govern about law politics of indogenous people in the village has been arranged in specifically that integrating legal studies of law (the theory of legal positivism) and theory recognition that produce the village law. It should be directed in each role as the rule of law in order to not only be a formality, especially the village with customary law. Because of country worldy from the system law in the village. It teach us about how to apply the legal political system of democracy, the system of implementation of settlement dispute with a fair trial and professionals, as well as how the realization of estimate village which participatory and empowering. Keywords: Political Law, Indigeneous People, Positivism Theory, Theory Recognition