Marx’s distinction between socialism and communism

Marx’s distinction between socialism and communism is the subject of this study. Even though socialism and communism terms existed before Marx, they are generally remembered with Marx. From his perspective, socialism and communism was comprehensively handled and compared in the paper. Since it is essential to talk about it while discussing the distinction between socialism and communism, the dictatorship of the proletariat that is a political transition period is also explained in this study. Communism has two phases. The first or lower phase of communism is called as socialism that is the phase between capitalism and communism. The second or higher phase of communism is the perfect stage. There is no inequality or injustice in this stage. Communist society is classless society where products are delivered according to individuals needs. Implications were discussed in the work. Without three of the all sources, only Marx’s own works were used during the examination of socialism and communism

Using What Students Have at Their Fingertips: Utilising Mobile Phones for Circular Writing

The integration of mobile phones into language teaching is at its infancy due to lack of uniform empirical support and limited studies focusing solely on vocabulary and pronunciation teaching. Arguing that writing should be merited further attention, we targeted a group of 26 English majoring students at a large-size public university in the northeast of Turkey to investigate their attitudes towards mobile phone-integrated language practice in the form of collaborative circular writing outside the school borders and collaborative whole class conferencing in the classroom with a seven-week case study. We gathered the qualitative data via an open-ended questionnaire, and a focus group interview showed that the participants enjoyed the activity as it enabled them to learn new words and structures, enhanced their writing by bringing them a sense of audience and showing them the importance of cohesion and coherence, and helped them know each other better despite the inherent technical problems such as limited storage capacity, credit problems, and group work requirements. It can be concluded that mobile phone can enrich traditional board, pen and pencil language instruction with its interactive nature and the chance to reach information anytime and anywhere if the teacher plans the process carefully and sheds light on the nature and objectives of this integration beforehand

<b> English Major Students’ Perceptions of Academic Writing: A Struggle between Writing to Learn and Learning to Write</b>

English Major Students’ Perceptions of Academic Writing: A Struggle between Writing to Learn and Learning to Write Abstract Even though writing as a language skill takes a back seat especially with reference to the natural order hypothesis, appreciation of writing in academic settings propel learners to challenge the validity of this order. It is not surprising therefore that writing deserves a higher priority in academic settings due much to its immediate practical application in a variety of academic tasks such as examination questions, essays, research reports, dissertation thesis and so on. In line with this constant practice with writing, English majoring students are quite usually subject to production of texts in the academic essay genre and desire to position themselves in academic discourse community through following the desired academic conventions. However, a considerable number of students fail to achieve the desired proficiency; cultural variations intrude into the language classrooms and differences in meaning learners attach to the writing activities are evident, which makes it necessary to explore students’ perceptions from academic writing courses. To this end, questionnaires on students’ writing efficacy were distributed to the freshman students enrolled in Academic Writing class, and interviews were carried out to have a broader understanding of the expectations from the course. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed using the SPSS and content analysis was employed to analyze the interviews

Students’ Perceptions of Language Anxiety in Speaking Classes

Abstract A considerable number of foreign as well as second language learners suffer from language anxiety when they step into the language classroom. What makes language learning environments, particularly English language learning situations, anxiety provoking has been well-established in language anxiety literature and the learners’ perception of language anxiety deserve a special mention as they are one of the parties directly involved in learning process. To this end, this study aims at exploring learners’ perceptions of language anxiety in speaking classes at a north-eastern state university in Turkey. Through a purposive sampling procedure, 30 students from different proficiency levels were interviewed. Findings from the semi-structured interviews are discussed with reference to learners’ perceptions of learning English. Possible sources and manifestations of language anxiety from the learners’ perspectives are examined and their suggested ways to lower language anxiety are discussed

Prospective Teacher Concerns: A Comparative Study of Departments of English Language Teaching and Language and Literature

Language teachers in Turkey do not take a standard pre-service education as graduates of English Language Teaching (ELT), linguistics, and translation departments all end up with language teaching profession and this, in turn, results in different teaching needs and concerns. The researchers argue that these different concerns may be one of the underlying causes of chronic language education problems in Turkey, in that Turkish Ministry of National Education does not take into consideration the comparative picture of practicing teachers and composes curricula, teaching materials, and compulsory one-shot professional development activities that all reflect “one size fits all” ideology. Therefore, determining the needs and concerns of pre-service language teachers is of vital importance. The current study has arisen from Griffith’s (2012) call for more larger-scale studies on teacher concerns across different contexts via triangulation. The researchers aim at not only investigating teacher concerns but also painting a much detailed comparative picture between ELT and linguistics department prospective teachers. The researchers target convenience sampling, in the full knowledge that this group will not represent the whole population. However, this type of non-probability sampling can serve well when it is easy to gather much informative data. Building on the recent work of Griffiths (2012), the researchers have modified and extended the existing measurement tool of Griffiths (2012) to investigate the issue much deeper and compensate the caveats. They adapted her instrument and asked the participants to add their thoughts as well as deciding their concern level. The results are mainly in line with the referred study in terms of the rating and frequency. The study reveals that there are some differences between the concerns of ELT department students and language and literature department students. While prospective teachers studying at the ELTdepartment were found to be highly concerned about technology, their counterparts studying at the langauge and literature department were not interested in the issue. The study also reveals that despite EIL’s large space in the literature (Cogo, 2012; Sowden, 2012), it was not found as a major concern for the prospective teachers. Methodology was also the least rated concern for the prospective teachers at both departments on the contrary to the well-accepted literature

Использование мобильных технологий в усвоении словарного запаса во время переводческих занятий - перспектива ученика

Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.Rapid changes in technology are reflected into all walks of education as well as language learning and teaching situations. In line with these changes, studies into the integration of mobile phones into language learning contexts, particularly to facilitate vocabulary acquisition, have spawned. However, learners’ perceptions regarding the impact of the integration of mobile technologies are not fully explored. This study aims at discovering learners’ perceptions of mobile phone integration in translation classes. Twenty-seven learners studying at an English Language and Literature department in a north-western Turkish university were sent SMS text messages including the target words before, during and after the translation courses for 6 weeks. Nine students who were selected based on their frequency of response rate, 3 the most frequent respondents, 3 average respondents and the least 3 respondents respectively, were interviewed. A content analysis of the semi-structured interviews reveals information about the learners’ mobile telephone use and their perceptions of mobile phone use for language learning purposes. The findings reveal that learners in general hold a positive opinion of mobile phone integration although some hesitations have been voiced. A discussion of learners’ perspectives on the current and future use of mobile phones is provided.  Le numéro contient uniquement les résumés en anglais.Том не содержит аннотаций на английском языке

Predictive Model of Intraoperative Pain during Endodontic Treatment: Prospective Observational Clinical Study

Introduction: This observational study sought to assess the incidence of intraoperative pain (10P) among patients receiving endodontic treatment and to construct a model for predicting the probability of 10P. Methods: All patients attending the endodontic training clinic at Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, during the spring term of 2014 were examined (N = 2785 patients; observation completed in 1435 patients; male: 628, female: 807; mean age: 39 years; 1655 teeth total). Demographic and clinical variables were recorded for patients requiring primary endodontic treatment. Local anesthesia was administered and routine endodontic treatment commenced. After the working length was established, each patient was asked to report any pain according to a visual analog scale. Supplementary local infiltration anesthesia was administered if necessary. If pain continued despite supplementary anesthesia, then the pain score was immediately assessed. A visual analog scale score corresponding to more than mild pain indicated 10P. A predictive model was constructed with multiple logistic regression analysis from the data of 85% of cases, with the remaining 15% of cases being used to test the external validity of the model. Results: The incidence of 1013 was 6.1% (101/1655 cases). One tooth from each patient was randomly selected, with 1435 teeth being retained for further analysis. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed with the variables age, tooth type, arc, pulpal diagnosis, pain present within the previous 24 hours, and anesthetic solution (P <.05). Good fits were obtained for the final model and external control, with a correct classification rate (efficiency) of 0.78, sensitivity (true positive rate) of 0.63, and specificity (true negative rate) of 0.79 for the external control. Conclusions: A successful predictive model of 10P was constructed with demographic and clinical variables

Predicting intraoperative pain in emergency endodontic patients: clinical study

This prospective observational study sought to investigate the incidence of intraoperative pain (IOP) among emergency endodontic patients and to construct an IOP prediction model that includes preoperative pain level (PPL). All patients who underwent emergency endodontic treatment at Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, during the spring term of 2016 were considered for inclusion in the study. Demographic and clinical variables and PPL were recorded. Local anesthesia was provided to all patients before beginning routine endodontic treatment. IOP was defined as the condition of requiring supplementary anesthesia before the working length was established and exhibiting persistent moderate or severe pain despite supplementary anesthesia. Data from 85% and 15% of 435 patients (178 men, 257 women; mean age: 35 years) were used to develop predictive models by multiple logistic regression analysis and to test external validity of the models, respectively. Two multiple logistic regression models achieved good model fits. Model 1 included age, pulpal diagnosis, and arc (p < 0.05). In addition to these variables, Model 2 included periapical diagnosis and PPL (p < 0.15). Models 1 and 2 showed accuracies of 0.76 and 0.75, sensitivities of 0.74 and 0.77, and specificities of 0.76 and 0.74, respectively for the modeling data (internal validity), and accuracies of 0.82 and 0.80, sensitivities of 0.83 and 0.67, and specificities of 0.81 and 0.81, respectively for the control data (external validity). The IOP incidence was 10.3%. IOP in patients undergoing emergency endodontic treatment can be successfully predicted by using models that account for demographic and clinical variables, including PPL