Lifelong learning and ontological security: blending of concerns and their expense

The aim of this paper is to find out how the content which is supposed to be transmitted within the framework of Lifelong Learning Programme of EU is defined in the conditions of reflexive and risk modernity, where the knowledge has quite an unstable nature. Other questions are: how this learning, the conditions in which it works, and the knowledge that it transmits are reflected at the level of individual everydayness, namely in relation to late modern necessity of individually formulated Self-identity; and what role lifelong learning plays or could play on this level and how it corresponds with the system needs. Some kind of loose discourse analysis of Memorandum on Lifelong Learning 2000 is used to answer these questions, therefore the paper works with numerous quotations from this document. Findings in the form of six notes suggest that the narrowest definition of this knowledge, which is possible to obtain from this policy paper and especially its “six messages,” is employability. The system tries to gain control over the individuals through the capturing of resources they use in order to ensure the meaning of the surrounding world and maintain the sense of ontological security, while the aim is to produce an individual that can be used to improve the system’s competitiveness and effectiveness. Nevertheless, an individual achieves ontological security by the very same means and there is a certain interfusion of individual identity and system interests.Straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti, kaip refleksyviojoje ir rizikos modernybėje, kurioje žinioms būdingas kintamumas, apibūdinamas mokymosi visą gyvenimą turinys, perduodamas per ES Mokymosi visą gyvenimą programą. Kiti straipsnyje keliami klausimai yra: kaip mokymasis, sąlygos, kuriomis jis veikia, ir žinios, kurios yra perteikiamos, atsispindi individualios kasdienybės lygmeniu, kokį vaidmenį mokymasis visą gyvenimą atlieka arba galėtų atlikti šiuo lygmeniu ir kaip tai atitinka sistemos poreikius. Siekiant atsakyti į šiuos klausimus, pasitelkiami tam tikri Mokymosi visą gyvenimą memorandumo 2000 diskurso laisvosios analizės metodai, todėl straipsnyje gausu šio dokumento citatų. Išvados iš šešių pagrindinių teiginių rodo, kad siauriausias apibrėžimas žinojimo, kurį būtų galima gauti iš šio politikos dokumento, ir ypač iš jo „šešių teiginių“, yra tai, kad mokymasis visą gyvenimą siejamas su įsidarbinimo galimybėmis. Tokiu būdu žinios apibrėžiamos ne per jų turinį, bet per jų naudojimo ar įgijimo pageidaujamą poveikį. Sistema siekia kontroliuoti individus per išteklius, kuriuos jie naudoja suteikdami prasmes aplinkiniam pasauliui ir siekdami palaikyti ontologinio saugumo jausmą. To tikslas yra formuoti individą, tinkamą sistemos konkurencingumo ir veiksmingumo sustiprinimui. Nepaisant to, kad tomis pačiomis priemonėmis individas pasiekia ontologinį saugumą, atsiranda tam tikras individo tapatumo ir sistemos interesų susiliejimas

Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme ve Türkiye

Günümüzde bilgi toplumunun olmazsa olmazı olarak ifade edilen yaşam boyu öğrenme kavramı, yeni liberal politikalar çerçevesinde, gelişen teknoloji ve oluşan rekabet ortamında piyasanın nitelikli eleman ihtiyacını karşılamak ereğiyle sık sık gündeme getirilmektedir. Gerek uluslararası, gerekse ulusal platformda, beşikten mezara söylemi üzerinden hareketle, giderek bireyselleştirilen bir öğrenme modeli içerisinde mesleki yeterlilik kazandırmak hedeflenmekte, öğrenme eyleminin tüm sorumluluğu bireyin omuzlarına yüklenmektedir. Bu koşullar altında tercih olmaktan uzaklaştırılan öğrenme eylemi, yarışa ve hatta zorunluluğa dönüşmekte, tam anlamıyla bir sertifikasyon süreci içerisine sıkışıp kalan birey ise yaşam boyu öğrenmeye mahkum edilmektedi

POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks

Semi-volatile organic compounds were monitored over a whole year, by collection of gas and particle phases every sixth day at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Annual mean concentrations of 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (∑32PCBs) and 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑14PAHs) were 348 pg/m3 and 36 ng/m3, respectively, while it was 273 pg/m3 for endosulfan, the dominant compound among 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the USEPA exposure-risk models for the estimation of the population exposure and carcinogenic risk probability distributions for heating and non-heating periods. The estimated population risks associated with dermal contact and inhalation routes to ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and some of the targeted OCPs (α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, α-chlordane (α-CHL), γ-chlordane (γ-CHL), and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT)) were in the ranges of 1.86 × 10−16–7.29 × 10−9 and 1.38 × 10−10–4.07 × 10−6, respectively. The inhalation 95th percentile risks for ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and OCPs were about 6, 3, and 4–7 orders of magnitude higher than those of dermal route, respectively. The 95th percentile inhalation risk for ∑32PCBs and OCPs in the non-heating period were 1.8- and 1.2–4.6 folds higher than in the heating period, respectively. In contrast, the 95th percentile risk levels for ∑14PAHs in the heating period were 4.3 times greater than that of non-heating period for inhalation, respectively. While risk levels associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs did not exceed the acceptable level of 1 × 10−6, it was exceeded for 47 % of the population associated with inhalation of PAHs with a maximum value of about 4 × 10−6

Atrial Fibrillation Management in Acute Stroke Patients in Türkiye: Real-life Data from the NöroTek Study

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common directly preventable cause of ischemic stroke. There is no dependable neurology-based data on the spectrum of stroke caused by AF in Turkiye. Within the scope of NoroTek-Turkiye (TR), hospital-based data on acute stroke patients with AF were collected to contribute to the creation of acute-stroke algorithms.Materials and Methods: On May 10, 2018 (World Stroke Awareness Day), 1,790 patients hospitalized at 87 neurology units in 30 health regions were prospectively evaluated. A total of 929 patients [859 acute ischemic stroke, 70 transient ischemic attack (TIA)] from this study were included in this analysis.Results: The rate of AF in patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke/TIA was 29.8%, of which 65% were known before stroke, 5% were paroxysmal, and 30% were diagnosed after hospital admission. The proportion of patients with AF who received "effective" treatment [international normalization ratio >= 2.0 warfarin or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) at a guideline dose] was 25.3%, and, either no medication or only antiplatelet was used in 42.5% of the cases. The low dose rate was 50% in 42 patients who had a stroke while taking NOACs. Anticoagulant was prescribed to the patient at discharge at a rate of 94.6%; low molecular weight or unfractionated heparin was prescribed in 28.1%, warfarin in 32.5%, and NOACs in 31%. The dose was in the low category in 22% of the cases discharged with NOACs, and half of the cases, who received NOACs at admission, were discharged with the same drug.Conclusion: NoroTekTR revealed the high but expected frequency of AF in acute stroke in Turkiye, as well as the aspects that could be improved in the management of secondary prophylaxis. AF is found in approximately one-third of hospitalized acute stroke cases in Turkiye. Effective anticoagulant therapy was not used in three-quarters of acute stroke cases with known AF. In AF, heparin, warfarin, and NOACs are planned at a similar frequency (one-third) within the scope of stroke secondary prophylaxis, and the prescribed NOAC dose is subtherapeutic in a quarter of the cases. Non-medical and medical education appears necessary to prevent stroke caused by AF