The Political System of the Republic of Turkey, Past and Present

The first constitution of the Ottoman-Turkish Empire was adopted in 1876 – the Kânûn-ı Esâsî (Eng. Fundamental Law). In its history, Turkey has had four constitutions. They were adopted in 1921, 1924, 1961, and 1982, with the latter being presently in force. Nowadays, the creation of a new constitution is the main issue on Turkey’s political agenda. The government of Turkey and Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan want to amend the constitution, and envisage creating an executive presidential system (Tur. Başkanlık sistemi), similar to that of the Russian Federation and the United States. Critics are concerned about what Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s motivation may be. This article analyzes the historical roots of the constitution, its amendments, the presidential system in Turkey and the arguments of the Republican People’s Party (CHP) and Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP) against the adoption of a presidential system. The key issues that the authors address are the changes that could be made under Turkey’s new constitution and whether all political power would be concentrated in president’s hands

Social Dangers of European Integration

Integracja europejska jako proces społeczny pozostaje pod wpływem licznych zagrożeń, które w różnym zakresie mogą na nią oddziaływać. Przynajmniej częściowo występują one na płaszczyźnie politycznej - stając się konsekwencją zachodzących procesów ekonomicznych czy psychologicznych. Ewolucja postaw społecznych jednostek może mieć negatywne znaczenie dla europejskich społeczeństw. W niniejszym artykule szczególną uwagę autorzy poświęcają zagrożeniom płynącym z atomizacji, anomii oraz społecznej alienacji. Odniesieniem dla ich oddziaływania jest sfera społeczno-polityczna. Atomizacja może wpływać na poziom uczestnictwa politycznego i doprowadzić do upadku moralnych i społecznych zasad demokracji. Anomia wiąże się z reakcjami adaptacyjnymi, które mogą powodować wycofanie się z istniejących norm i wartości społecznych. Dodatkowo anomia i atomizacja mogą oddziaływać w ramach megatrendów sprawiając, że trudniej adaptować procesy demokratyzacyjne. Mając na uwadze znaczenie aspektu psychologicznego funkcjonowania jednostki w środowisku społecznym, analizie został poddany także problem alienacji społecznej, który w określonych wymiarach może stanowić istotne zagrożenie dla procesów integracji europejskiej.European integration as a social process is endangered by phenomena which can reduce, stop and downgrade this process. They occur, at least partly, out of political intentions. They become a conseąuence of existing processes in the political, industrial and psychosocial spheres. The evolution of social attitudes of an individual can take the wrong direction, and this can result in a negative influence on social systems. In this paper, special attention is placed on a few of them: atomisation, anomie and social alienation, linked to political and social problems. Atomisation can effect political participation and can lead to morał decay of the social rules of democracy. Anomie leads to adaptation reactions, which can cause withdrawal from existing values and social norms. Additionally, stratification of anomie and atomisation in terms of megatrends makes it harder to counteract their results, because the character of these phenomena leads to an indirect relationship with integration. Bearing in mind the importance of psychological functioning of individuals in a changing social environment, the issue of social alienation that at certain levels of intensity can pose a threat to European integration was also analysed

The impact of the financial crisis on community banks: a conference summary

The Chicago Fed’s 45th annual Conference on Bank Structure and Competition, which took place May 6–8, 2009, brought together industry personnel, regulators, and academics to discuss the recent financial crisis and financial regulatory reform, among other issues.Financial crises

In the wake of financial reform: what's next for community banks?

The sixth annual Community Bankers Symposium, co-sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), was held at the Chicago Fed on November 19, 2010. This article summarizes the key presentations and discussions at the conference.Community banks ; Financial Regulatory Reform (Dodd-Frank Act)

"Nicht zu weit" : moralische Erzählung zu einem unziemlichen Bildchen ; enigmatische Liebschaften der 'Wanderjahre' im Lichte der 'Lehrjahre'

Die Geschichte "Nicht zu weit" wird – abweichend von der Forschungstradition – im Nachfolgenden nicht unter dem Thema 'Liebes- und Eheverhältnisse im ausgehenden Feudalabsolutismus' begriffen, sondern als Rätseltext, der unter anderem Gestalten und Ereignisse aus den 'Lehrjahren' spiegelt und dem in den 'Wanderjahren' die Funktion zugewiesen ist, das Projekt Odoards in Mißkredit zu bringen. Überdies stelle ich – über die Analyse der Geschichte "Nicht zu weit" hinausgehend – eine neue These zu der Identität des 'Redakteurs' der 'Wanderjahre' auf. – Alle Thesen werden weitestgehend eng am Text entlang plausibilisiert, wenigstens ist das die Absicht. Insofern ist der Charakter des Vorliegenden im Kern ein philologischer. Allerdings können hier nicht alle Voraussetzungen, die ich in aus meinen diversen Studien (gedruckt und ungedruckt) – insbesondere zu den 'Lehrjahren' – einbringe, in voller Breite belegt werden

“Making The World A Better Place To Live In”: Hattiesburg Women’s Literary Organizations and the Formation of a Progressive Southern City, 1884-1945

This study examines the activity and impact of white women’s literary clubs in Hattiesburg, Mississippi between 1884 and the end of World War II in 1945. This project examines to what extent women adhered to or broke away from societal norms of the time by involving themselves in intellectually stimulating groups with other women, especially in response to rapidly changing standards of femininity and womanhood during the Progressive era. Women’s literary clubs reveal patterns of women moving out of the home and into a public role, in addition to signifying the new ways in which women fit themselves into a society during a period of rapidly changing ideas about femininity and womanhood. Club activity records show how organized Hattiesburg women fit into larger models of progressive womanhood while maintaining the decorum expected of them. These activities can also demonstrate if these clubs allowed southern women to participate in a larger feminist movement that may not have been widely accepted in the Deep South. The cultural and structural contributions of women’s organizations in Hattiesburg are largely unrecognized in the literature, but the impact they had on the city has been long lasting. Women’s literary clubs in Hattiesburg organized women and allowed them to have a deeply rooted, progressive influence on a growing city in a traditionally conservative state. This thesis argues that literary clubs empowered Hattiesburg women to better themselves and their communities, while putting pressure upon prescribed gender roles without breaking apart societal rules

The problems with comparability among financial statements prepared within Polish entities under IFRS

The aim of this paper is to analyse the comparability of headings included in the consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income prepared under IFRS.The study required the analysis of statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income patterns ensured by Polish accounting regulations as well as IFRS propositions in this field. Moreover, it covered the analysis of structure and content of IFRS consolidated statements of profit or lossand other comprehensive income prepared for the 2005–2019 period by Polish listed companies. The empirical study based on 477 consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensiveincome showed that Polish entities use national patterns in IFRS reporting. Moreover, the results indicate that some entities were using the terms proposed by IFRS only in some years.As the analysis showed, there are some factors that may diminish the comparability of financial statements prepared under IFRS. To protect users of financial statements from making wrong decisions based on the illusion of comparable IFRS statements, there is a further obligation for researchon how comparable IFRS financial statements really are. Bringing attention to comparability problems with IFRS financial statements may influence future regulators’ approach in setting standards. This can enhance the quality of financial statements