Indium trichloride: a versatile catalyst for the synthesis of fully saturated imidazoles

886-892Ketimines are readily reduced to corresponding vicinal diamines using InCl3 and zinc followed by simple cyclization to fully saturated imidazoles with various aldehydes. InCl3 has been found to play an efficient catalytic role for this methodology to give high yields in short time. Moreover effect of different promoters and Lewis acids are also studied

Effect of Nutritional Supplements on Immune Function and Body Weight in Malnourished Adults

In the United States, approximately 5% of the population is malnourished or has low body weight, which can adversely affect immune function. Malnutrition is more prevalent in older adults and is often a result of energy imbalance from various causes. Dietary supplementation to promote positive energy balance can reverse malnutrition, but has not been assessed for its effect on immune parameters. This 8-week clinical feeding trial evaluated the effect of a commercially available, high-protein, high-energy formula on body weight and immune parameters in 30 adult volunteers with body-mass indices (BMI) <21 kg/m 2 . After the intervention, participants gained a mean of 3.74 lbs and increased BMI by 0.58 kg/m 2 . The intervention improved lean body mass and limited body fat accumulation. However, no clinically significant improvements in immune measures were observed. These results support the use of high-protein, high-energy supplements in the treatment of underweight/malnutrition. Further investigation utilizing feeding studies of longer duration, and/or studying severely malnourished individuals may be needed to detect an effect on immune parameters of weight gain promoted by nutritional supplements