23 research outputs found

    Design technology co-optimization in the era of sub-resolution IC scaling

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    Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate in mammals. II. Induction of hyperglycemia, lactic acidosis, uraemia, and hypothermia in rats

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    When rats were administered methyl isocyanate (MIC) by inhalation or subcutaneous route it produced severe hyperglycemia, clinical lactic acidosis, highly elevated plasma urea, and reduced plasma cholinesterase activity with unaltered erythrocytc acetyl cholinesterase activity. Irrespective of the route of administration, MIC also caused severe hypothermia, which was not ameliorated by prior administration of atropine sulphate. Acute toxic effects of MIC are essentially similar by either route except for the intensity of the effect

    A Synthesis Methodology for Application-Specific Logic-in-Memory Designs

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    ABSTRACT For deeply scaled digital integrated systems, the power required for transporting data between memory and logic can exceed the power needed for computation, thereby limiting the efficacy of synthesizing logic and compiling memory independently. Logic-in-Memory (LiM) architectures address this challenge by embedding logic within the memory block to perform basic operations on data locally for specific functions. While custom smart memories have been successfully constructed for various applications, a fully automated LiM synthesis flow enables architectural exploration that has heretofore not been possible. In this paper we present a tool and design methodology for LiM physical synthesis that performs co-design of algorithms and architectures to explore system level trade-offs. The resulting layouts and timing models can be incorporated within any physical synthesis tool. Silicon results shown in this paper demonstrate a 250x performance improvement and 310x energy savings for a data-intensive application example

    Increase in Dye:Dendrimer Ratio Decreases Cellular Uptake of Neutral Dendrimers in RAW Cells

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    Neutral generation 3 poly­(amidoamine) dendrimers were labeled with Oregon Green 488 (G3-OG<sub>n</sub>) to obtain materials with controlled fluorophore:dendrimer ratios (n = 1–2), a mixture containing mostly 3 dyes per dendrimer, a mixture containing primarily 4 or more dyes per dendrimer (<i>n</i> = 4+), and a stochastic mixture (<i>n</i> = 4<sub>avg</sub>). The UV absorbance of the dye conjugates increased linearly as n increased and the fluorescence emission decreased linearly as n increased. Cellular uptake was studied in RAW cells and HEK 293A cells as a function of the fluorophore:dendrimer ratio (n). The cellular uptake of G3-OG<sub><i>n</i></sub> (<i>n</i> = 3, 4+, 4<sub>avg</sub>) into RAW cells was significantly lower than G3-OG<sub><i>n</i></sub> (<i>n</i> = 1, 2). The uptake of G3-OG<sub><i>n</i></sub> (<i>n</i> = 3, 4+, 4<sub>avg</sub>) into HEK 293A cells was not significantly different from G3-OG<sub>1</sub>. Thus, the fluorophore:dendrimer ratio was observed to change the extent of uptake in the macrophage uptake mechanism but not in the HEK 293A cell. This difference in endocytosis indicates the presence of a pathway in the macrophage that is sensitive to hydrophobicity of the particle
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