Unveiling Race Diversity and Fungicide Sensitivity Profiles of \u3cem\u3ePyrenophora Tritici Repentis\u3c/em\u3e Populations in South Dakota Collected From 2021-2023

Tan spot, a foliar disease of wheat caused by the ascomycetes fungus Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Ptr), poses a significant threat to wheat crops globally. The disease gained economic importance in the late 1970s due to shifts in farming practices, such as minimal tillage and planting on crop residues, providing favorable conditions for the pathogen to overwinter and cause infections. Ptr is classified into eight races based on the production of necrotrophic effectors—Ptr ToxA (necrosis-inducing), Ptr ToxB, and Ptr ToxC (chlorosis-inducing on respective susceptible and sensitive cultivars)—resulting in distinct symptoms on susceptible wheat differentials. The inverse gene-for-gene hypothesis of Ptr suggests an interaction between toxin-encoding genes and host genes, rendering the host susceptible to the disease. Widely grown wheat varieties in South Dakota exhibit susceptibility to prevalent Ptr races, hence the disease continues to emerge annually for which farmers commonly resort to fungicide applications, however frequent and intensive use of the same fungicides raises concerns about development of resistance or reduced sensitivity among pathogen population. Necessitating the regular monitoring for race structure and fungicide sensitivity in the pathogen population. Additionally, an unexplained correlation between Ptr geographical origin and its ability to produce various effector combinations suggests a divergent evolution affecting wheat crops. Therefore, the study was planned with following objectives to 1) race characterization and assessing fungicide sensitivity among the population of Ptr collected from 2021-2023 in South Dakota: 2) assessing the diversity of necrotrophic effectors in a globally collected population of Pyrenophora tritici repentis, causal agent of tan spot of wheat. For the first objective, we genotyped 251 Ptr isolates collected during 2021-2023 growing season using Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB, and Ptr ToxC gene-specific markers with further race confirmation by phenotyping on wheat differentials. The same set of collected isolates were also tested to determine their sensitivity to pyraclostrobin and propiconazole based on conidial germination, mycelial growth inhibition and in molecular analysis. Of the 251 isolates, 186 ( have Ptr ToxA and ToxC), 26 (have Ptr ToxA), 21 ( have only Ptr ToxC), 1 ( have only Ptr ToxB), and 4 (containing Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB) were designated as race 1, race 2, race 3, race 5, and race 7, respectively. 13 of 251 genotyped isolates lacked all three effectors genes and were designated as race 4. To best of our knowledge, race 7 was identified for the first time in the USA. A subset of forty isolates carrying Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxC were phenotyped on tan spot wheat differentials, confirming established host-pathogen interactions. 122 of 252 isolates were found to carry mutation at G143A site. Conidial germination assays revealed complete inhibition at the maximum concentration (1 μg ml-1) for pyraclostrobin, while 100% spores germinated for the highest concentrations of propiconazole, indicating the effectiveness of pyraclostrobin to populations tested as compared to propiconazole. This study suggests a diverse Ptr population in South Dakota with reduced to insensitive sensitivity to pyraclostrobin and propiconazole. The second objective involve sequencing isolates and determining the variations present among the toxins genes, also, effector protein which can be potential candidates were predicted in this study. In this, 25 Ptr isolates representing diverse geographical regions (Canada, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, and USA) and hosts (wheat, rye, and triticale) were studied to determine the diversity in Ptr necrotrophic effectors, race structure, phenotypic and genotypic components of the Ptr host range. High molecular weight genomic DNA of these isolates was extracted and a subset of 25 isolates were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequencing data analysis reveals the highly conserved nature of the coding sequenced of toxins. We also found single copies of Ptr ToxB, indicating the isolate sequenced being less virulent. An inactive Ptr ToxB homolog (toxb) was also found present in a non-pathogenic, race 4 as well as a pathogenic strain belonging to race 3. Most of the isolates collected represented race1 (Ptr ToxA + Ptr ToxC), but races 2 (Ptr ToxA), 3 (Ptr ToxC), 4 (None) and 5 (Ptr ToxB) were also seen. The use of different references for annotating isolates sequenced with Nanopore MinION highlighted variability among isolates. Effector protein predictions from the sequenced isolates indicated a prevalence of cytoplasmic effectors over apoplastic ones. Additionally, only a small subset of predicted effectors were found to contain signal peptides. This study provides a comprehensive overview of toxin variations and underscores the conservation of these effector proteins over evolutionary processes. Overall, this study shows the presence of diverse population of Pyrenophora tritici repentis present in South Dakota. Presence of mutations responsible for reduced fungicide sensitivity, suggests that Pyrenophora tritici repentis isolates might be developing resistance towards fungicide labelled to manage foliar disease of wheat including pyraclostrobin (strobilurins) and propiconazole (triazoles). In addition, investigation into the genetic aspects of necrotrophic effectors reveals the conserved nature of these pathogenicity regulating toxins among isolates irrespective of geographical locations, host, time year when they were collected

'Joining up' : a study of partnership in post-16 learning

This thesis examines the concept and practice of partnership in the context of post-16 learning. The study explores the process of partnership working through a qualitative case study of a sub-regional partnership that aims to widen participation in post-16 learning through its collaborative activities. The investigation seeks to learn about the basis of partnership and to identify characteristics that contribute to continued and effective partnership working. Drawing on understandings of partnership in policy, theory and in practice, I develop a more detailed conceptualisation of partnership than is currently available in the field of post-16 learning. The history, development and work of the case study partnership were investigated through a combination of methods including observations of partnership meetings, documentary evidence of partnership working and semi-structured interviews with participants in the case study. The interviews with senior managers of institutions and organisations that provide education, training and guidance for post-16 learners in the Black Country, a sub-region of the Midlands in England, focused on the reasons for participation in a partnership and the aspects of partnership working that contribute to sustainability in partnerships. The findings give a rich insight into the practicalities of working in partnership with individuals and organisations and provide a basis for theorising partnership as a heterogeneous concept and practice rather than a homogenous entity. The case study reveals both the potential of partnership and the challenges to partnership working, such as resource and power differentials. It also shows how social capital can provide the basis for sustained partnership and function as a resource that can be used in similar ways to other forms of capital. This insight is used together with characteristics drawn from the partnership literature to theorise partnership as a continuum of weak to strong forms of partnership, which function on the basis of different types and levels of trust, the operation of formal and informal networks and shared norms and values amongst actors

An Interpersonal and Appraisal Analysis of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House

This paper attempts to analyze Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House through linguistic perspective where conversational exchanges of the characters are laden with power and dominance. In most of the earlier studies done on A Doll’s House, feminism has been discussed along with the basic socio-economic differences between males and females. The analysis of differences between the language of male and female characters, however, were scanty. But in this paper, an attempt has been made to study differences between the language of male and female characters of the play with the help of theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics as proposed by M.A.K. Halliday and Appraisal theory as described by Martin

Adaptive 2×2 MIMO employed Wavelet-OFDM-Radio over Fibre Transmission

Due to high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) and low spectral-efficiency, the conventional Fast Fourier Transform based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is losing its place to the other multicarrier modulation schemes. Alternatively, the wavelet treated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-OFDM is gaining its popularity in realization of futuristic 5G networks due to proffering high spectral-efficiency, low-cost and low phase-noise. Subsequently, this work demonstrates a RF transmission system in S-band employing \times 2$MIMO-OFDM using orthogonal- and biorthogonal-wavelets with diverse phase shift keying modulation (PSK) schemes. Among the available MIMO configurations, the authors implement spatial diversity as it promises good reliability in noisy links [11]. However, the distribution of Wavelet-OFDM (W-OFDM) signals over a radio over fibre (RoF) link is critically affected by the optical sub-system non-linearity. So, the simplest \times 2$ Alamouti's space-time block code (STBC) is implemented in this work to overcome this non-linearity and to realize a less-complex detection. The work is further extended to realize an adaptive MIMO-RoF system employing W-OFDM scheme to adjust itself to a suitable available phase shift keying strategy as per the link-situation to retain an optimal balance of link-quality and spectral-efficiency

Manipulation of shade and plant density for enhanced production of cut-foliage in Ruscus hypophyllum L.

Cut foliage are deep green with long lasting and evergreen properties which are commonly preferred by the floral industry as accents in floral arrangements. Ruscus hypophyllum L. is one of the commercially produced cut foliage material for making good line, filler and mass material in making floral arrangements. It requires shade for growth. Experiments were conducted with the objectives to find out optimum shade levels and planting density. The rhizomes were planted in factonal randomized block design under three shade levels ( 0, 50% and 75%) and three plant spacing (30x30 cm, 30x40 cm, 30x50cm) with planting density of 18, 15, and 12 plants per m2, respectively. It was observed that different shade levels and plant spacings exhibited significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf size and number of stems harvested per plant. The plants were recorded tallest under 75 % shade levels and 30x30 cm plant spacing (61.30cm and 54.48 cm, respectively). The number of leaves produced per plant were maximum (69.99) under 75% shade, however, number of leaves per plant were maximum under 30x30cm spacing. Among various shade levels, 75% shade level resulted in maximum number of cut stems (16.28) that was at par with 50% shade level (16.08). However, the cut stems harvested per plant were recorded maximum (16.67) under 30x30cm spacing. From the results obtained, it was concluded that Ruscus hypophyllum grown under 75% shade level with 30x30 cm spacing and planting density of 18 plants per m2, produced maximum yield of cut stems with longer stem length

Evaluation of Internet Generations on Wireless Network: A Survey

In the recent era, the demand of the internet is increasing. The Internet is global computer network that provide the sharing of data and information. Internet is useful in every field. It modifies the way of working, living style and contributed positive impact on our life. With the raising of the demand new tools and technologies are developed. The internet is classified in various generations depends on the functionality and key features. In this paper the generations of the internet and functionality are discussed. The internet has 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 that provides internet protocols. Internet 4.0 and 5.0 are grownup and it works on wireless and sensor network devices. With the development of new generation the data rate, flexibility, Quality of service, performance and many other features are improved. In this survey focus on the features, techniques and tools provided by each generation

System Review on Attendance Management System

Previously it was very hectic and tedious job to enter & maintain attendance of student manually. After the entry of application software it somewhat became efficient to manage attendance on computer system. Now a day with the use of android phone every work can be optimized and modified. Our aim is to optimize the work of faculty member through our application. So we are developing online attendance management application. This is installed in android mobile phone and we provide user id and password for the security purpose. Online attendance management app provides many benefits to colleges and organizations

'Joining up' : a study of partnership in post-16 learning

This thesis examines the concept and practice of partnership in the context of post-16 learning. The study explores the process of partnership working through a qualitative case study of a sub-regional partnership that aims to widen participation in post-16 learning through its collaborative activities. The investigation seeks to learn about the basis of partnership and to identify characteristics that contribute to continued and effective partnership working. Drawing on understandings of partnership in policy, theory and in practice, I develop a more detailed conceptualisation of partnership than is currently available in the field of post-16 learning. The history, development and work of the case study partnership were investigated through a combination of methods including observations of partnership meetings, documentary evidence of partnership working and semi-structured interviews with participants in the case study. The interviews with senior managers of institutions and organisations that provide education, training and guidance for post-16 learners in the Black Country, a sub-region of the Midlands in England, focused on the reasons for participation in a partnership and the aspects of partnership working that contribute to sustainability in partnerships. The findings give a rich insight into the practicalities of working in partnership with individuals and organisations and provide a basis for theorising partnership as a heterogeneous concept and practice rather than a homogenous entity. The case study reveals both the potential of partnership and the challenges to partnership working, such as resource and power differentials. It also shows how social capital can provide the basis for sustained partnership and function as a resource that can be used in similar ways to other forms of capital. This insight is used together with characteristics drawn from the partnership literature to theorise partnership as a continuum of weak to strong forms of partnership, which function on the basis of different types and levels of trust, the operation of formal and informal networks and shared norms and values amongst actors.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Decision making ability of agri- entrepreneurs at Jammu and Kathua districts of J & K state, India

The concept of entrepreneurship has assumed prime importance in research and development for accelerating economic growth in developing countries. The Entrepreneurship development institution has been focusing its attention on developing programmes for entrepreneurship development and innovative training technique for trainers. The entrepreneurs are responsible for many economic decisions that rests on anticipating demand and bearing risks. The investigation on 210 agri-entrepreneurs thirty each from seven agri-enterprisesnamely vegetable growing, strawberry growing, dairy farming, mushroom growing, bee-keeping, poultry farming and flower growing, selected purposively from Jammu and Kathua districts of Jammu and Kashmir state revealed that one-half (50.48%) of the agri-entrepreneurs were in the high category of decision making ability followed by medium (46.19%) and low (3.33%) levels. Majority (76.67%) of vegetable entrepreneurs were in the high level of decision making ability followed by poultry entrepreneurs (56.67%). Majority (61.43%) of entrepreneurs had not received any training. Only 38.57% of entrepreneurs had received training. Bee-keepers were highest (66.67%) who received training regarding their enterprise. Majority (61.72%) of entrepreneurs received training for a period of seven days followed by 23.46% of entrepreneurs who got training for fifteen days and 14.81% who attended thirty days training. The study inferred that high level of decision making ability of agri- entrepreneurs might be due to individual ownership, high achievement motivation and high risk taking capacity. The appropriate decisions with regard to finalizing different technical, financial and marketing aspects at right time, results in the progress of the enterprise